转型中的俄罗斯国家能力:政治制度与精英体制的分析(下)  

Russia's State Capacity in Transition:Political System and Meritocracy(Ⅱ)

作　　者：费海汀 Fei Haiting

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国政治学研究中心 [2]教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地华东师范大学俄罗斯研究中心

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2023年第4期158-181,共24页Russian Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“苏联-俄罗斯政治转型研究”(项目批准号:19CKS016)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：俄罗斯国家的重构策略可以从政治制度与精英体制两个角度进行考察。精英体制方面,自苏联解体后,俄罗斯的精英规模大幅缩减,组织化精英体制也日益崩解。俄罗斯国家逐渐陷入官僚来源匮乏的困境。俄罗斯国家主动塑造了俄式“旋转门”机制,大量从企业、军队、强力部门引进精英填补官僚缺口。这一策略的实质是将管理培训外置,直接用体制外精英业已形成的管理经验来代替政府长时间的培养流程。但俄式“旋转门”策略的大规模采用改变了政府官僚原本的晋升路径和职业轨迹,出现主观因素超过客观标准的现象,形成了精英选任与治理能力相脱节的官僚结构,导致了中层官僚既力不从心、又无人可用的后果。这反映了俄罗斯地方精英体制的基本逻辑:控制、集中,而非治理、放权。从政治制度和精英体制的角度观察,俄罗斯的国家重构与央地关系陷入了一种内耗困境:旨在强化国家能力的诸多策略最终反而导致了国家能力的削弱。国家越加强控制,成本越提高,效果却越不显著。长此以往,可能对俄罗斯的政治现代化进程构成重重障碍。Russia's state reconstruction strategy could be examined from the perspectives of political system and meritocracy.In terms of the meritocratic system,since the collapse of the Soviet Union,Russia's elites has decreased significantly and the organized elite system has increasingly disintegrated.The Russian state is gradually mired in a lack of bureaucrats and thus has taken the initiative to shape"revolving door"mechanism of its own style,bringing in a large number of elites from enterprises,the army,and siloviki to fill the bureaucratic gap.In essence,this strategy is to outsource management training and replace directly the government's long-term training process with management experience which has been formed by elites outside the system.However,the large-scale adoption of the Russian-style"revolving door"strategy has changed the original promotion path and career trajectory of government bureaucrats.Accordingly,a phenomenon of subjective factors exceeding objective standards has emerged,forming a bureaucratic structure where elite selection and governance capability are disconnected,resulting in a consequence that middle-level bureaucrats are neither competent nor available.This reflects the basic logic of Russia's local meritocracy:control and centralization instead of governance or decentralization.From the perspectives of political system and meritocracy,Russia's state reconstruction and central-local government relations are mired in an internal friction dilemma:many strategies aimed at strengthening state capability are eventually counterproductive.The more the state strengthens control,the higher the cost,and the less significant is the effect.In the long run,this may pose many obstacles to Russia's political modernization.

关 键 词：俄罗斯国家建构 俄罗斯地方政治 俄罗斯国家能力 俄罗斯政治精英 

分 类 号：D751[政治法律—政治学]