生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿严格审慎原则之适用  

On the Application of the Principle of Being Strict and Prudent Regarding Punitive Damages for Ecological and Environmental Harm

作　　者：高利红[1] GAO Lihong

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《政治与法律》2023年第10期2-17,共16页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：我国目前实践中便宜主义的生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿适用,因个案特征而形成不稳定的价值排序,呈现惩罚性赔偿责任的混乱、叠加。其既可能违背一事不再罚原则,也脱离行为人的责任承担能力与可预见性范围。在生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿的公法责任属性实已得到默认的前提下,对最高人民法院提出的“严格审慎”的适用原则进行界定是避免过度、重复惩罚的现实路径。在程序上需要增加检察机关或社会组织所提民事公益诉讼的诉前磋商,并协调其与私益惩罚性赔偿、补偿性赔偿、刑事诉讼之关系。有关司法解释将生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿的主观状态界定为“故意”并客观化为违法行为,降低了归责难度。对此,需要回归“恶意”的主观状态认定,同时在因果关系上以行为人对结果的可预测性为判断准则,使生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿的要件构成回归“侵权四要件”。最终融入对责任主体的综合考量,审慎确定责任幅度,注重减轻中小企业责任,以期生态环境惩罚性赔偿得到合理适用。The discretionary application of punitive damages for ecological and environmental harm in China's current practice leads to the formation of unstable ranking of values due to the characteristics of individual cases,presenting confusion and superposition of liability for punitive damages.It may be contrary to the principle of no multiple punishment for the same wrongdoing,and also out of the scope of responsibility and predictability of the actor.Under the premise that the attribute of punitive damages for ecological and environmental harm as a kind of liability in the public law has been tacitly accepted,defining the application principle of"being strict and prudent"proposed by the Supreme People's Court is a realistic way to avoid excessive and repeated punishment.In terms of procedure,it is necessary to increase the pre-litigation consultation for civil public interest litigation brought by procuratorial organs or social organizations and to coordinate the relationship with punitive damages for private interests,compensatory damages,and criminal litigation.The relevant judicial interpretation defines the mental state required for punitive damages for ecological and environmental harm as"intentional"and objectifies it as an illegal act,which reduces the difficulty in imputation.In this regard,it is necessary to return to the determination of mental state of"malice",and meanwhile,to take the actor's predictability of the result as the standard for deciding the causality,so as to make the elements of punitive damages for ecological and environmental harm the same as the"four elements of the tort"again.The final step is to take a the comprehensive consideration of the responsible subjects and prudently determine the extent of responsibility,and attach attention to the reduction of the responsibility of SMEs,in order to form a reasonable application of punitive damages for ecological and environmental harm.

关 键 词：惩罚性赔偿 生态环境损害 环境侵权 

分 类 号：DF468[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]