生态环境损害赔偿的行政法分析——兼论相关惩罚性赔偿  

The Administrative-Law Analysis of Compensation for Damage to Ecological Environment——Also on Relevant Punitive Damages

作　　者：赵鹏 ZHAO Peng

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法治政府研究院,北京100088

出　　处：《政治与法律》2023年第10期48-62,共15页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：从行政法角度而言,生态环境损害赔偿制度所指向的“损害”并非传统民法意义上的损害,而与秩序行政所致力于防止的“危险”相重合。行政法在此领域虽然不乏理论构想,但是从立法和监管现实来看,制度设计过于简陋,功效不彰。生态环境损害赔偿制度的兴起,有传统行政管制不足的背景。但是,后者亦在逐步发展、完善中。生态环境问题的复杂性决定了两种制度具有相互补充的潜能,但也要通过科学定位和相应的制度设计来避免行政活动借私法逃避应有约束。同时,应当根据两者各自的优势来科学设定不同机制的应用场景。惩罚性赔偿在此领域的引入,本质上是行政机关通过诉讼程序课以罚款。创制这种特殊惩罚机制的必要性需要审慎评估,当下通过司法解释来引入这一机制也有违行政处罚法定原则。与此同时,惩罚性赔偿的引入可能导致生态环境损害赔偿制度的发展不必要地聚焦于对违法行为的咎责,因而需要调和与既有行政处罚的关系。From the perspective of administrative law,the"damage"referred to by the system of compensation for damage to ecological environment is not the damage in the sense of traditional civil law,but coincides with the"danger"that the order-oriented administration aims to prevent.Although there is no lack of theoretical conception in this field of administrative law,from the perspective of the legislative and regulatory reality,the system design is too simple to fully play its role.The system of compensation for damage to ecological environment has emerged against the background of insufficiency of traditional administrative regulation.However,the latter is also gradually developing and improving.The complexity of ecological and environmental issues determines that the two systems have the potential to complement each other,but it is also necessary to prevent administrative activities from using private law to evade due constraints through scientific positioning and corresponding institutional design.At the same time,the application scenarios of different mechanisms should be scientifically set on basis of their respective advantages.The introduction of punitive damages to this field is essentially the imposition of fines by administrative organs through litigation procedures.The necessity of creating such a special punishment mechanism needs to be carefully evaluated.Introducing such a mechanism through judicial interpretation at present also violates the principle of prescribing an administrative punishment through an enactment.Meanwhile,the introduction of punitive damages may lead to the development of the system of compensation for damage to the ecological environment unnecessarily focusing on the liability for illegal acts and the need to reconcile its relationship with existing administrative penalties.

关 键 词：生态环境赔偿 惩罚性赔偿 危险排除 行政管制 行政处罚 

分 类 号：DF468[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]