不同产量水平冬小麦产量差异形成的干物质生产、转运及氮肥利用分析  

Analysis of dry matter production, transport and nitrogen fertilizerutilization caused by yield Gap at different yield levels of winter wheat

作　　者：王立红 张宏芝[1] 张跃强[1] 李剑峰[1] 王重[1] 高新[1] 时佳 王春生 夏建强[1] 樊哲儒[1] WANG Lihong;ZHANG Hongzhi;ZHANG Yueqiang;LI Jianfeng;WANG Zhong;GAO Xin;SHI Jia;WANG Chunsheng;XIA Jianqiang;FAN Zheru(Key Laboratory of Desert-Oasis Crop Physiological Ecology and Cultivation,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P.R.C.,/Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology/Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业科学院核技术生物技术研究所/农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/新疆作物化学调控工程技术研究中心,乌鲁木齐830091

出　　处：《新疆农业科学》2023年第9期2152-2162,共11页Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2019D01B26)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究不同产量水平下冬小麦干物质与氮素积累、转运及利用差异,为缩小新疆冬小麦产量差及高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2018~2020年2年在昌吉军户进行,以冬小麦品种新冬41号为材料,采用不同施肥和栽培管理措施模拟高产Ⅰ(SH:≥9000 kg/hm^(2))、高产Ⅱ(HH:7500 kg/hm^(2)~9000 kg/hm^(2))、农户(FP:6000 kg/hm^(2)~7500 kg/hm^(2))、基础(CK:≤4500 kg/hm^(2))4个产量水平,研究不同产量水平冬小麦干物质和氮素积累及转运、氮素吸收利用的差异。【结果】SH、HH、FP的2年产量平均与CK产量差为6863.27、5496.76和3735.73 kg/hm^(2)。收获穗数和穗粒数均表现为SH>HH>FP>CK,千粒重表现为HH>SH>FP>CK。SH、HH、FP与CK的开花期干物质积累量差为11221.65、8220.05和5527.81 kg/hm^(2),成熟期干物质积累量差为16026.10、11918.25和7645.80 kg/hm^(2),随着产量差增大,干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量及对籽粒的贡献率增高,花前干物质转运率及对籽粒的贡献率降低;开花期和成熟期营养器官氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量均随着产量水平的提高而提高,产量水平越高,需氮量越大,氮素吸收越高,氮素利用效率及氮肥偏生产力越低;籽粒产量与花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量、花前氮素转运量、需氮量及氮素吸收效率呈极显著正相关,与氮肥偏生产力呈显著正相关。【结论】缩小产量差应通过施肥等栽培管理措施,尤其是滴灌条件下生育后期磷钾肥随水滴施,增加花前干物质和氮素积累及转运率、花后干物质积累量,提高氮素吸收效率,在适宜收获穗数技术上,协同提高穗粒数与千粒重。【Objective】To reveal the differences in the accumulation,transport and utilization of dry matter and nitrogen in winter wheat at different yield levels,and to provide a theoretical basis for reducing the yield difference and high-yielding cultivation of winter wheat in Xinjiang.【Methods】The experiment was carried out in military households in Changji from^(2)018 to 2020 with Xindong 41 as the test material,and referring to the production practice in Xinjiang,different fertilization and cultivation management measures were used to simulate high yield I(SH:≥9,000 kg/hm^(2)),high-yieldⅡ(HH:7,500 kg/hm^(2)~9,000 kg/hm^(2)),farmers(FP:6,000 kg/hm^(2)~7,500 kg/hm^(2)),basic(CK:≤4,500 kg/hm^(2))four yield levels.Meanwhile,differences in nitrogen accumulation and transport,and nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied.【Results】The results showed that the two-year average yield difference of SH,HH,FP and CK was 6,863.27 kg/hm^(2),5,496.76 kg/hm^(2),3,735.73kg/hm^(2).The number of harvested panicles and grains per panicle were as follows:SH>HH>FP>CK,and the 1000-grain weight was as follows:HH>SH>FP>CK.The difference of dry matter accumulation in flowering stage of SH,HH,FP and CK is 11,221.65 kg/hm^(2),8,220.05 kg/hm^(2),5,527.81 kg/hm^(2),and the difference in dry matter accumulation in mature stage was 16,026.10 kg/hm^(2),11,918.25 kg/hm^(2),7,645.80 kg/hm^(2),with the increase of the yield gap,the dry matter accumulation,pre-flowering dry matter transport,post-flowering dry matter accumulation and contribution to grains increased,and pre-flowering dry matter transport and contribution to grains increased;nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs and pre-flowering nitrogen transport in flowering and mature stages increased with the increase of yield level.Efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity were lower;correlation analysis showed that grain yield was significantly positively correlated with pre-flowering dry matter transport,post-flowering dry matter accumulation,pre-flowering nitrogen t

关 键 词：产量差异 冬小麦 干物质 氮素利用 

分 类 号：S512[农业科学—作物学]