商业社会和道德社群:普芬道夫视野下斯密的良心和义务感  

Commercial Society and Moral Community:Smith's Conscience and the Sense of Duty from Pufendorf's Viewpoint

作　　者：张江伟[1] ZHANG Jiangwei

机构地区：[1]浙江外国语学院,杭州310023

出　　处：《天津师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期120-128,共9页Journal of Tianjin Normal University(Social Science)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学一般项目(22YJA770021)。

摘　　要：普芬道夫的道德哲学从德性转向义务,开创了一种不强调德性和人性完善,而强调人与人之间避免伤害,消弭冲突,以经济交换为核心的社会想象。这一想象影响了斯密,但斯密不满于普芬道夫的诸多前提以及方法上的不彻底。他试图在弱化上帝、搁置世俗性政治权威的前提下,从充分自然主义和情感主义的角度为类似的社会结构,为人与人之间的义务以及权利关系提供微观基础。他的良心论和义务感是这一工作的重要组成部分。最终斯密所确立的是一个以财产和正义规则为中心的陌生人道德社群。这个道德社群不是紧密的小共同体,但是人们仍然对彼此承担至关重要的道德义务。在这一意义上,斯密不是激进的权利理论家,而是在肯定权利的前提下,倡导对他人的义务。The emphasis of Pufendorf's moral philosophy shifted from virtue to duty,creating a social imagination that does not emphasize virtue and perfection of humanity,but rather emphasize the avoidance of harm,the elimination of conflicts,and economic exchange as the core.This imagination influenced the Scottish Enlightenment.Smith accepted Pufendorf's social imagination,but was dissatisfied with Pufendorf's many premises and the incompleteness of methodology.Under the premise that weakened the roles of God and secular political authority,Smith tried to provide a micro-foundation for similar social imagination and the relationship between duties and rights of people from the perspective of full naturalism and emotionalism.His concepts of conscience and the sense of duty are important components of this work.Ultimately,what Smith established was a large moral community centered on property and justice rules,rather than on virtue and benevolence.This moral community is not an intimate small community.However,people still perform vital moral duties to each other.In this sense,Smith is not a radical rights theorist,but rather advocating duties to others under the premise of affirming rights.

关 键 词：普芬道夫 斯密 道德哲学 良心论 义务感 

分 类 号：K06[历史地理—历史学]