北魏孝文帝与武川坝顶祭天圜丘  

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Bading Yuanqiu for Sacrificing to the Heaven in Wuchuan

作　　者：曲安京[1] 李刚[1] Qu Anjing;Li Gang(Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学科学史高等研究院,西安710127

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2023年第2期161-183,F0002,共24页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国历法史”(项目编号:2022&ZD221)。

摘　　要：运用数理考古的方法,证实坝顶遗址是北魏的一座祭天圜丘,其核心结构,是按照1尺对应1度的方式,将全天星图投影成六个同心圆:恒显圈、北回归线、赤道、南回归线、恒隐圈、天球。出乎意料的是:坝顶圜丘所采纳的基本数据是洛阳的地理纬度与秦汉的标准尺度,这与北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳、全盘汉化的国策正相吻合。结合史料辅证,推测坝顶圜丘很可能是孝文帝拓跋宏在490年前后建设的,其目的旨在通过地中洛阳、汉代尺度、周代火德等基本数据的应用,宣誓其移风易俗、统一天下的抱负。对北魏坝顶祭天圜丘的考古发掘与结构复原,有助于深化对北魏政治制度史的研究。通过对孝文帝构建坝顶圜丘之动机的揭示,可以解剖和透视中华民族的形成与发展过程中的一个极为重要的历史片段。Using mathematical archaeological methods,it is confirmed that the Bading(the top of the dam)site is a Yuanqiu(the circular mound altar)for sacrificing to the Heaven in the Northern Wei Dynasty.Its core structure is based on the way that 1 chi corresponds to 1 du,and the star map of the whole sky is projected into six concentric circles:the circle of perpetual apparition,the Tropic of Cancer,the equator,the Tropic of Capricornus,the circle of perpetual occultation,and the celestial sphere.Unexpectedly,the basic data adopted for the Bading Yuanqiu are the geographical latitude of Luoyang and the standard scale of Qin and Han Dynasties,which is in consistent with the national policy of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moving the capital to Luoyang and becoming fully sinicized.Combined with historical data,it is speculated that the Bading Yuanqiu was probably built by Tuoba Hong,Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei,around 490.Its purpose was to use basic data such as Luoyang(the centre of the earth),the scale of the Han Dynasty,and the huo de(the Fire Virtue in the“Five Cyclic Virtues”theory)of the Zhou Dynasty to swear that he would transform social traditions and unify China.The archaeological excavation and structural restoration of the Bading Yuanqiu for sacrificing to the Heaven of Northern Wei will help to deepen the study of the history of the Northern Wei political system.By revealing the motivation of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei to build the Bading Yuanqiu,we can dissect and see through an extremely important historical segment in the formation and development of the Chinese nation.

关 键 词：北魏 拓跋宏 坝顶圜丘 五德终始说 数理考古 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] P1-092[天文地球—天文学]