冷战初期的国际科技交往——日内瓦和平利用原子能会议与中国  

Transnational Science and Technology Dialogues in the Early Period of the Cold War:The Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy and China

作　　者：奉湘宁 刘晓 FENG Xiangning;LIU Xiao(School of Humanities,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100049

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2023年第2期274-286,共13页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：中国科学院院史研究与编研项目(项目编号:Y729031ED2)。

摘　　要：作为冷战初期首次国际大型核能会议,1955年日内瓦和平利用原子能会议让极端敏感的“核科技”主题突破了东西方阵营分界。本文根据会议记录、馆藏档案、传记文集、报纸杂志等原始文献,探究中国如何对接会议,充分利用这一国际核科技窗口,借以开启和发展原子能事业,从而揭示出中国现代科技史中的国际维度。研究发现,中国对于会议的态度经历了较大转向,尽管台湾问题是影响中方出席的关键障碍,但对于当年刚刚开启原子能事业的中国来说,核科技本身的特殊性、争取苏联全面的核援助、为集中力量进行核研究开创舆论环境等综合考量,又构成中国积极投身于会议的原因,体现出“一个中国”原则下参与国际学术交流的灵活性。会议前后中苏间就会议的密切沟通,成为中国走向国际科技对话的重要组成部分。对此次会议的研究还揭示出,即使在冷战初期中苏合作最密切的时期,中国也积极利用跨阵营的国际交流来发展先进科技,建立双边和多边的科技交往。The Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in 1955 was the world's first large-scale international nuclear energy conference,which prompted the extremely sensitive theme of nuclear science and technology to break the Cold War boundary for the first time.Based on the original materials such as conference reports,archives,biographical works,newspapers and magazines,this article explored how China made use of the conference and developed the domestic atomic energy enterprise,so as to reveal the transnational dimension of China's modern science and technology history.Furthermore,the study found that China's attitude towards the conference underwent a great change.Although the Taiwan Question was a key factor affecting China's attitude,the comprehensive consideration such as the particularity of nuclear technology itself,the seeking for nuclear aid from the Soviet Union,and the public's environment for nuclear research in China,constituted the reason why the Chinese mainland actively participated in the conference,reflecting the flexibility of China's participation in international academic exchanges under the One-China Principle.The close contact between China and the Soviet Union on matters related to the conference became an important part of China's transnational scientific communication.The conference also revealed that even in the period of the Cold War and against the backdrop of the closest cooperation between China and the Soviet Union,China could use transnational exchanges outside the Soviet Union to develop nuclear science and technology,from which we can observe the extension of China's scientific and technological exchange chain.

关 键 词：日内瓦和平利用原子能会议 核科技 国际科技交流 中苏关系 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]