黄河三角洲自然保护区石油开采对水鸟多样性及分布的影响  

Effects of oil extraction on diversity and distribution of waterbirds in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve

作　　者：朱自强 刘正霄 谢郁城 贺吉立 李建强 徐基良[1] 张正旺[2] ZHU Ziqiang;LIU Zhengxiao;XIE Yucheng;HE Jili;LI Jianqiang;XU Jiliang;ZHANG Zhengwang(School of Ecology and Nature Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China;College of Life Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院,北京100083 [2]北京师范大学生命科学学院,北京100875

出　　处：《生态学报》2023年第17期7157-7169,共13页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：中国海油海洋环境与生态保护公益基金项目(CF-MEEC/TR/2020-20);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0802400)。

摘　　要：水鸟是湿地生态系统健康的重要指示物种,易受湿地退化和人为干扰的影响。目前我国渤海湾地区石油开采强度较大,占据了一定面积的水鸟栖息地,会对当地水鸟产生影响。以山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区为研究区域,在该保护区设置4块5 km×5 km样区,在2021年3月、5月、6月、7月和9月采用样线法调查样区内水鸟群落组成,结合深度学习和目视解译处理遥感影像量化区域内的油井密度和距离,使用广义线性模型分析水鸟多度与油井密度和距离的关系,使用Mantel分析检验水鸟群落组成的差异,采用双因素方差分析检验油井密度和距离对水鸟多样性指数的影响。调查期间共记录到水鸟约38994只,隶属于7目14科77种,其中优势类群为鸻鹬类、雁鸭类、鹭类和鸥类。结果表明:(1)随着油井密度增加,水鸟群落的Shannon-Wiener指数升高,而多度呈现先升高后下降的趋势。鸻鹬类在中低密度和中高密度区的多度显著高于低密度区,其他类群差异不显著。油井密度的差异与水鸟群落β多样性的差异呈显著正相关关系,即密度差异越大,水鸟群落组成越不同。(2)随着油井距离增加,水鸟群落的Shannon-Wiener指数出现下降趋势。雁鸭类距油井越远,多度越高,其他水鸟类群未表现出明显趋势。(3)油井距离和密度的交互作用对水鸟多样性指数影响均不显著。研究表明,在黄河三角洲自然保护区,油井密度影响了水鸟群落的多样性和群落组成,这与石油开采的特征和不同类群水鸟对人类活动的适应能力有关;油井距离也影响着水鸟群落的空间分布,这与不同物种对干扰的适应能力及栖息地偏好有关。Waterbirds are often used as the important indicator species to assess the health of the wetland ecosystem,and they are vulnerable to wetland degradation and anthropogenic disturbance.With the rapid development of oil extraction in China's Bohai Bay,some parts of the waterbird habitats in this bay have been occupied,which may have influence on the waterbirds in this area.In this study,we selected the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve(YRD)in Shandong Province as our study site,and then set 4 sampling areas in YRD for waterbird surveys and further analysis.We used the line transects to survey waterbirds in YRD at different oil well densities in March,May,June,July and September,2021,and then combined deep learning and visual interpretation to process remote sensing imagery to quantify the density of oil wells.Generalized linear model was used to analyze the relationship between waterbird abundance and well density and the distance from oil wells,Mantel analysis was used to check for differences in waterbird community composition,and two-factor Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)was used to test the effect of well density and distance from oil wells on waterbird diversity indices.A total of 38994 waterbirds were recorded in the sampling areas in YRD,belonging to 77 species,14 families,and 7 orders.The results revealed that(1)the Shannon-Wiener index of waterbird community increased as oil well density increased,while the abundance tended to increase firstly and then decrease.The abundance of shorebirds was significantly higher in medium-low and medium-high density areas than in low density areas,whereas the abundance of other waterbirds did not show significant differences.The well density were positively related to theβ-diversity of the waterfowl community.(2)The Shannon-Wiener index of waterbird community tended to decrease when the distance from oil wells increased.Specially,the abundance of Anseriformes increased when their distance from oil wells increased whereas other waterbird showed no significant trends.(3)The in

关 键 词：石油开采 水鸟 空间分布 多样性 群落组成 黄河三角洲 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]