中国与美国、日本、德国制造业国际竞争优势比较研究及相关政策建议  

Study and policy suggestions on international competitive advantage of manufacturing industry among China,United States,Japan,and Germany

作　　者：郭鑫 张婧婧 池康伟 郭京京 GUO Xin;ZHANG Jingjing;CHI Kangwei;GUO Jingjing(Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China;School of Public Policy and Management,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Institute of Science and Technology Strategy,Jiangxi Academy of Sciences,Nanchang 330029,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院,北京100190 [2]中国科学院大学公共政策与管理学院,北京100049 [3]江西省科学院科技战略研究所,南昌330029

出　　处：《中国科学院院刊》2023年第8期1130-1153,共24页Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(72074204、71672185);国家社会科学基金重大项目(18ZDA101)。

摘　　要：强化制造业竞争优势,推动制造业高质量发展是构建现代产业体系的关键。文章综合运用国际市场占有率、显示性比较优势指数、贸易竞争指数和价格指数等指标,深入分析2005—2020年主要国家制造业竞争优势演变态势及其主要来源。研究发现,中国劳动密集型产业始终保持强大的国际竞争优势,部分资本与技术密集型产业国际竞争优势不断强化;德国、日本、美国资本和技术密集型产业始终保持较强的国际竞争优势,但部分产业竞争优势出现下降趋势;中国电气机械和器材制造业、专用设备制造业等资本与技术密集型产业国际竞争优势主要来源于产品价格优势,德国、日本、美国主要来源于产品技术优势。文章提出4点政策建议,包括:推动以提高产业基础能力为核心的技术创新;提升制造业产业链、供应链、创新链现代化水平;加快推进制造业数字化、绿色化、服务化转型;着力提升制造业国际合作和跨国经营水平。Strengthening the competitive advantage of manufacturing and promoting its high-quality development are the key points to build a modern industrial system.This study uses international market share(MS),revealed comparative advantage(RCA),trade competition index(TCI),and price index(PI)from 2005 to 2020 to analyze the evolution of manufacturing competitive advantage and its main sources in major countries.The main findings are as follows.China’s labor-intensive industries maintain a strong international competitive advantage,and the international competitive advantage of some capital and technology-intensive industries is increasing.The capital and technology intensive industries in Germany,Japan,and United States have maintained a strong international competitive advantage,but some of them have shown a downward trend.The international competitive advantages of capital and technology-intensive industries such as electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing,special equipment manufacturing in China mainly come from product prices,while those in Germany,Japan,and United States mainly come from technology.Four policy suggestions are presented in this study for strengthening the competitive advantage of manufacturing:promoting technological innovation focusing on industrial basic capabilities;modernizing the manufacturing industry chain,supply chain,and innovation chain;accelerating digital,green,and service transformation;and increasing level of international cooperation and cross-border operations.

关 键 词：制造业 国际竞争优势 演变态势 政策建议 

分 类 号：F414[经济管理—产业经济]