覆盖与行距配置对玉米叶片光合性能和茎秆力学特性及产量的影响  

Effects of mulching and row spacing on photosynthetic performance,stem mechanical properties and yield of maize

作　　者：赵丽 张琪 谢广明 陆靖英 郭虹霞 邓妍[1] 秦丽霞 张丽光[1] 王创云 ZHAO Li;ZHANG Qi;XIE Guangming;LU Jingying;GUO Hongxia;DENG Yan;QIN Lixia;ZHANG Liguang;WANG Chuangyun(College of Agriculture,Shanxi Agriculture University,Taiyuan,Shanxi 030031,China)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学农学院,山西太原030031

出　　处：《西北农林科技大学学报（自然科学版）》2023年第10期29-39,51,共12页Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：山西省基础研究计划项目(202203021211277);山西省现代农业产业技术体系项目(YMGW202217);中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2022C018)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究覆盖与行距配置对旱作区春玉米叶片光合性能、茎秆力学特性及产量的影响,为旱作区玉米高产稳产最优种植模式的选择提供理论依据。【方法】以山西省抗旱性强的主推玉米品种大丰30为材料,于2020-2021年采用二因素随机区组设计进行大田试验,以覆盖方式为主区,设无覆盖(T_(1),对照)、秸秆覆盖(T_(2))、地膜全覆盖(T_(3))3个处理,行距为副区,设40 cm+40 cm、40 cm+80 cm、50 cm+50 cm、80 cm+80 cm 4个处理,在不同生育期测定玉米叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素含量、茎秆农艺性状、力学特性(茎秆硬皮穿刺强度和抗压强度)及产量。【结果】(1)2020-2021年,随生育时期的推进,不同覆盖和行距配置下玉米叶片Pn均呈现上升趋势,在灌浆期达到峰值,而叶片叶绿素含量逐渐下降。在T_(3)处理40 cm+80 cm行距配置下,玉米叶片Pn和叶绿素含量最高,平均为26.14μmol/(m^(2)·s)和5.90 mg/g,其中Pn较T_(1)(CK)和T_(2)处理提高19.49%和8.87%,叶绿素含量较T_(1)(CK)和T_(2)处理提高16.37%和13.68%。(2)2020-2021年,T_(3)处理玉米的株高、穗位高和穗位高系数最低,其次为T_(2)处理,T_(1)(CK)最高;在T_(3)处理40 cm+80 cm行距配置下玉米茎秆农艺性状表现优越,不易倒伏。(3)2020-2021年,随节间数的增高,抽雄期玉米茎秆第3~5节的节间直径、茎秆硬皮穿刺强度和抗压强度减小,而节间长度增加。在T_(3)处理40 cm+80 cm行距配置下玉米茎秆的节间直径最高,茎秆硬皮穿刺强度和抗压强度最大,抗倒伏能力增强。(4)2020-2021年,T_(3)处理玉米产量最高,T_(2)处理次之,T_(1)(CK)最低。在T_(3)处理40 cm+80 cm行距配置下玉米平均产量为13616.46 kg/hm^(2),较T_(1)(CK)和T_(2)处理增产10.28%和5.57%,平均倒伏率为1.05%,较T_(1)(CK)和T_(2)处理下降8.35%和5.40%。(5)抽雄期玉米的倒伏率与第3节间直径、第3节间硬皮穿刺强度和抗压强度、产量呈极显著负相关,玉米产�【Objective】The effects of mulching and row spacing configuration on leaf photosynthetic performance,stem mechanical properties and yield of spring maize in dry farming area were studied to provide basis for selecting optimal planting mode of high and stable yield for maize in dry farming areas.【Method】Dafeng 30,the main maize variety with strong drought resistance in Shanxi Province,was selected for field experiments from^(2)020 to 2021 with a two-factor randomized block design.The mulching method was used as the main block and three treatments of no mulching(T_(1),control),straw mulching(T_(2))and plastic film mulching(T_(3))were included.The row spacing was the sub-area,with four configurations of 40 cm+40 cm,40 cm+80 cm,50 cm+50 cm and 80 cm+80 cm.Net photosynthetic rate(P n)and chlorophyll content of maize leaves,stem agronomic traits,mechanical properties(stem puncture strength and compressive strength)and yield were measured at different growth stages.【Result】(1)From^(2)020 to 2021,with the advancement of growth period,P n of maize leaves under different mulching and row spacing configurations showed an upward trend,reaching the peak at the filling stage,while chlorophyll content of leaves gradually decreased.Under the 40 cm+80 cm row spacing configuration of T_(3)treatment,P n and chlorophyll content of maize leaves had the highest averaged values of 26.14μmol/(m^(2)·s)and 5.90 mg/g,respectively.P n increased by 19.49%and 8.87%compared with T_(1)(CK)and T_(2)treatments,while chlorophyll content increased by 16.37%and 13.68%.(2)From^(2)020 to 2021,plant height,ear height and ear height coefficients of T_(3)treatment were the lowest,followed by T_(2)treatment,and those of T_(1)(CK)were the highest.In T_(3)treatment with 40 cm+80 cm row spacing configuration,corn stalk agronomic characters were superior and not easy to lodging.(3)From^(2)020 to 2021,with the increase of the number of internodes,internode diameter,stem crusty puncture strength and compressive strength of the third to fifth intern

关 键 词：春玉米 覆盖方式 种植行距 光合性能 抗倒伏特性 玉米产量 

分 类 号：S513.01[农业科学—作物学]