家庭私法地位之辨析  

An Examination on the Status of Family in Private Law

作　　者：郑晓剑[1] Zheng Xiaojian

机构地区：[1]厦门大学法学院,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第5期83-95,共13页Nankai Journal:Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目(21AFX016)。

摘　　要：在民法典编纂前后,很多学者主张应在我国《民法典》中规定家制,并确立家庭的民事主体地位。这种观点是否合理,值得探讨。家庭在私法上的地位,经历了从家族主义到个人主义的历史变迁过程。这种变迁反映在家庭结构上,就是大家庭的逐步解体,核心家庭成为当前家庭结构的主要类型;反映在家庭职能上,就是家庭生产职能的逐步弱化,家庭作为一个整体对外从事私法交往的必要性大为减弱。在自然经济条件下,社会的生产职能普遍地由家庭承担,家庭既是一个生产单位,又是一个生活共同体。因此,家庭成为当时私法上的主体有其必然性。近代以降,随着资本主义的兴起和商品经济的发达,个人普遍地从家庭中析出,取得了独立、平等的法律人格,能够按照自己的意志对外参与私法交往,家庭在私法上的地位已然没落。在家庭成员四散各处,且家庭的经济职能降到极微弱地步的现代社会,在民法上对家制作出全面规定并无意义,而一般性地认可家庭具有私法上的独立人格亦无必要。In the process of codifying of the Civil Code,many scholars advocate that the legal system of family should be stipulated in the civil code,as well as family being established as a civil subject.Whether this viewpoint is reasonable or not is worth discussing.The legal status of the family in private law has undergone a historical transition from collectivism to individualism.This transformation is reflected in the family structure,with the gradual disintegration of extended families,and the nuclear family becoming the predominant family structure today.It is also reflected in the family functions,with the gradual weakening of the family's productive function and a significant reduction in the necessity of the family as a whole engaging in private law transactions with the outside world.Under natural economic conditions,the family commonly bore the responsibility for societal productive functions,serving as both a production unit and a communal living entity.Therefore,it was natural for the family to be a legal subject in private law at that time.However,in modern times,with the rise of capitalism and the development of a commodity economy,individuals have increasingly separated from the family,gaining independent and equal legal personalities.They can participate in private law transactions according to their own wil.As a result,the legal status of the family in private law has declined.In today's society,where family members are scattered and the economic function of the family has dwindled to a minimum,making comprehensive regulations about the family system in civil law is meaningless.Furthermore,there is no necessity to generally acknowledge that the family possesses an independent legal personality in private law.

关 键 词：家庭 家制 民事主体 人格 《民法典》 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]