日本战后“国家神道”概念论争史略考  

The History of Controversy about"State Shinto"in Modern Japan

作　　者：贾思京 Jia Sijing

机构地区：[1]南开大学日本研究院

出　　处：《日本学刊》2023年第3期139-160,163,共23页Japanese Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“多维视角下的日本现代化专题研究”(编号:22JJD770040)。

摘　　要：在战后日本学界,关于“国家神道”还没有形成共识性的历史认知。围绕这一概念,战后日本学界发生了三次论争。第一次论争以村上重良的“国家神道体制论”和苇津珍彦的“神社制度论”之间的对立为主,聚焦于评断近代神社神道的政治地位,并借此表达对当代日本政教关系的意见。第二次论争以近代日本宗教制度的实证研究为基础,强调明治时期政教分离、信教自由的“史实”,集中批判村上重良的“国家神道体制论”。第三次论争源于史学方法论上的分歧,以矶前顺一、岛薗进为代表的研究者借鉴宗教学的学术思维,从宗教文化的角度重新解释了“国家神道”的存在形式,冲击了以行政制度为主线的神社制度史、政教关系史研究。虽然三次论争的问题意识、分析框架和概念内核均不相同,但日本学界试图以“广义国家神道”和“狭义国家神道”的二元立场概括多层次学术逻辑的做法,造成了研究者之间“争立场”甚于“论内容”的负面影响。In modern Japan,the concept of"State Shinto"has failed to establish a consensus historical understanding.Around this concept,there have been three debates in Japanese academic circles.The first one was the debate between Murakami Shigeyoshi and Ashidsu Uzuhiko,focusing on how to judge the political state of Shinto and expressing their opinion about religion in their time.Based on empirical research on religious policy in modern Japan,the researchers who caused the second debate emphasized the"historical facts"of the separation of church and state during the Meiji period and criticized Murakami Shigeyoshi's study about National Shinto.The third debate was due to different views on historical methodology.Some researchers referred to religious studies,by which they reinterpreted the concept of""State Shinto".Their study diverged from historical perspectives due to the influence of Shinto policies or religious policies.In those three debates,there exist distinct disparities in problem awareness,analytical frameworks,and conceptual cores.Nevertheless,Japanese scholars have attempted to synthesize the multi-faceted academic perspectives through the dual lenses of"the concept of State Shinto in the broad sense"and""the concept of State Shinto in the narrow sense".However,that generalization has posed challenges to effective communication and consensus-building among Japanese scholars.

关 键 词：国家神道 神社 政教关系 天皇崇敬 宗教认知 

分 类 号：K093[历史地理—历史学] K097[哲学宗教—哲学理论] B097