6—8世纪中国疫灾的时空特征及鼠疫流行  

The spatial and temporal characteristics of epidemics in China from the 6^(th) to 8^(th) centuries and the prevalence of plague

作　　者：龚胜生[1] 肖永芝[2] 李孜沫 张涛[1] 谢海超 石国宁 陈发虎 GONG Shengsheng;XIAO Yongzhi;LI Zimo;ZHANG Tao;XIE Haichao;SHI Guoning;CHEN Fahu(College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Central China Normal University,Wuhan 430079,China;Institute of Chinese Medical History and Documentation,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100070,China;College of Tourism and Economic Management,Nanchang Normal University,Nanchang 330032,China;State Key Laboratory of Earth Systems and Resources and Environment of the Tibetan Plateau,Institute of Tibetan Plateau,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;School of Economics and Management,Handan University,Handan 056006,Hebei,China;Paleoecology and Human Adaptation Team,Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学城市与环境科学学院,武汉430079 [2]中国中医科学院中国医史文献研究所,北京100070 [3]南昌师范学院旅游与经济管理学院,南昌330032 [4]中国科学院青藏高原研究所青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室,北京100101 [5]邯郸学院经济管理学院,河北邯郸056006 [6]中国科学院青藏高原研究所古生态与人类适应团队,北京100101

出　　处：《华中师范大学学报（自然科学版）》2023年第5期627-640,共14页Journal of Central China Normal University：Natural Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金冷门绝学研究专项学术团队项目(21VJXT015);国家自然科学基金项目(42371265);国家自然科学基金青年项目(42301265).

摘　　要：为探究世界第一次鼠疫大流行期间(公元541-750年)中国的瘟疫流行状况,基于《中国三千年疫灾史料汇编》和最新获得资料,编制6-8世纪中国疫灾简略年表,对6-8世纪中国疫灾的时空分布特征,中国腺鼠疫流行的可能性,以及中国与中亚、欧洲鼠疫互传的可能性进行分析,主要结论如下:1)6-8世纪中国处于魏晋南北朝疫灾高峰期的后期和唐代疫灾低谷期的前期,总体上属于疫灾偏少时期;该时期瘟疫总体上主要在春、夏季流行,大瘟疫则多发生于夏、秋、冬季;十年尺度上的疫灾频度总体趋于下降,十年疫灾频度指数和十年疫灾等级指数均存在280 a、100 a、50 a的波动周期.2)中国早在公元前3世纪以前就有了鼠疫记载,世界第一次鼠疫大流行期间,“恶核”“虏疮”“流肿”“暍病”“苦头痛”等称谓,都是对腺鼠疫某个方面症状的描述,其间中国境内肯定有腺鼠疫流行.3)世界范围内鼠疫的发生具有多源性,中亚地区是古老的鼠疫自然疫源地,第一次鼠疫大流行期间,中国的鼠疫主要由中亚地区的游牧民族通过战争输入,首当其冲的中国西北是6-8世纪鼠疫流行最频繁的地区.In order to explore the epidemic situation of plague in China during the world s first plague pandemic(541-750 C.E.),based on the Compilation of historical data on plagues in China for three thousand years and the latest research and revision,a brief chronology of plagues in China from the 6^(th) to 8^(th) centuries was compiled.The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the disaster,the possibility of bubonic plague epidemic in China,and the possibility of mutual transmission of plague between China and Central Asia and Europe were analyzed.The main conclusions are as follows.1)The 6^(th) to 8^(th) centuries were in the late period of high prevalance of epidemics in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties and the early stage of prevalance low of epidemics in the Tang Dynasty.Generally speaking,they were a period of relatively few epidemics,with only 48 years of epidemics in 3 centuries.On a century scale,the frequency of epidemics shows a downward trend.There were 17 major plague years.Generally speaking,epidemics are more common in spring and summer,while major plagues mostly occur in summer,autumn,and winter.The average frequency of epidemic disasters is 15.33%,genevally exhibiting a downward trend.Both the decade epidemic frequency index and the epidemic level index have fluctuation cycles on three time scales:280 a,100 a,and 50 a.2)China has records of plague as early as the 3rd century C.E.During the world s first plague pandemic,the terms such as“evil core”,“Lu sore”,“moving swollen”,“high fever”,“painful headache”.are all descriptions of certain aspects of the bubonic plague symptoms,indicating that bubonic plague was prevalent in China during this period.3)The occurrence of plague worldwide has multiple sources.Central Asia is the ancient natural source of plague.During the first plague pandemic,plague in China was mainly imported by nomads from Central Asia through war,of which northwest China bore the brunt.It was the area where plague was most prevalent from the 6

关 键 词：6-8世纪 中国疫灾 时空特征 中国鼠疫 来源中亚 

分 类 号：K901.9[历史地理—人文地理学] R188[医药卫生—流行病学]