论轻罪时代的前科淡化:对犯罪信息获知途径的限缩  

On the Dilution of Criminal Records in the Era of Misdemeanor:Restricting the Access to Learning of Criminal Records

作　　者：夏朗 Xia Lang

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学刑事司法学院 [2]中南财经政法大学司法鉴定技术应用与社会治理学科创新基地

出　　处：《政法论坛》2023年第5期50-62,共13页Tribune of Political Science and Law

摘　　要：轻罪时代日益增多的轻罪犯“复归社会难”的问题亟待解决。“非犯罪化”“犯罪附随后果规范化”以及“前科消灭”等对策提议均存在一定短板,目前宜先从限缩犯罪信息的获知途径进而淡化前科歧视效应入手。就前科报告制度而言,应将前科与前科报告义务进行分离以实现犯罪信息获知途径的限缩,即有前科者未必有前科报告义务。被法院宣告有罪即有前科,而前科报告义务的前提——“受过刑事处罚”意为“执行过刑罚”,故被免予刑事处罚之人以及顺利度过缓刑期之人虽有前科但无前科报告义务。就犯罪记录制度而言,为缓和犯罪记录登记制度与公布制度规范目的之间的内在冲突,犯罪记录的登记内容与公布内容应具有不一致性,而犯罪记录查询制度与封存制度能够为这种“不一致性”提供制度支撑。进而,犯罪记录登记需全面、查询应受限、封存宜扩张。The problem of"difficulty in returning to society"for the increasing number of offenders in the era of misdemeanors urgently needs to be solved.There are certain shortcomings in measures such as"decriminalization","standardization of collateral consequences of criminal convictions"and"elimination of criminal records".At present,it is advisable to start by restricting the access to learning of criminal records for diluting criminal records.In terms of the criminal record reporting system,criminal record and criminal record reporting obligation should be separated to realize the limitation of the way of obtaining criminal information,which means,those with criminal record may not necessarily have criminal record reporting obligations.The premise of criminal record reporting obligations--"having received penalty"means"having executed penalty",so those who are exempt from penalty and those who have successfully passed the probation period do not have the obligation to report the criminal record.In terms of the criminal record system,in order to alleviate the internal conflict between the criminal record registration system and the disclosure system,the registration content and disclosure content of criminal records should have been inconsistent,and the criminal record inquiry system and sealing system provide institutional support for this"inconsistency".So that,the registration of criminal records needs to be comprehensive,inquiry should be limited and sealing should be expanded.

关 键 词：前科淡化 前科报告 犯罪记录查询 犯罪记录封存 无犯罪记录证明 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]