民法典上融资租赁交易的担保功能  

On the Security Function of Financial Leasing Transaction in the Civil Code of China

作　　者：高圣平[1] Gao Shengping

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心

出　　处：《政法论坛》2023年第5期87-98,共12页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金年度项目“民法典动产担保交易规则的规范构造与解释适用研究”(22BFX071)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在功能性的形式主义之下,《民法典》虽将融资租赁交易作为独立于担保交易的一种典型融资模式加以规定,但同时将其中出租人的所有权定性为非典型担保物权,如此即影响了其公示、权利顺位、违约救济与权利实现。为明晰标的财产上的权利负担、消灭隐形担保,出租人的所有权非经登记,不得对抗善意第三人。担保功能化带来的体系效应包括清算法理的贯彻,承租人根本违约之时,无论出租人采取何种违约救济路径,均负有就未付租金与租赁物价值之间进行清算的义务,实行“多退少补”。在程序供给上,出租人可以主张租金加速到期,并可同时依普通民事诉讼程序或者实现担保物权案件特别程序,就拍卖、变卖租赁物的变价款优先受偿;出租人还可主张解除融资租赁合同并收回租赁物,但负清算义务。在发生权利竞存之时,出租人所有权的权利顺位准用或者类推适用担保物权优先顺位的一般规则;为使出租人的所有权不因功能化造成减损,超优先顺位规则自应类推适用于融资租赁交易。Under the approach of the functional formalism,although the Civil Code of China defines financial leasing transaction as a typical financing mode independent of secured transaction,it also defines the ownership of the lessor as an atypical security right,which affects its publicity,priority,breach relief and right realization.In order to clarify the burden of rights on the subject property and eliminate the implicit security,the ownership of the lessor shall not be against a bona fide third party unless it is registered.The system effect brought by functionalization includes the implementation of the theory of liquidation.When the lessee breaches the contract fundamentally,no matter what relief path the lessor takes,it has the obligation to liquidate the unpaid rent and the value of the subject property,and carries out"more return and less compensation".In terms of procedural supply,the lessor can claim that the rent is due at an acceleration,and at the same time,pursue the common civil proceeding or the special proceeding for the realization of a security interest,giving priority to the compensation of the proceeds from the auction and sale of the leased property.The lessor may also claim to terminate the financial leasing contract and repossess the leased property,but bear the liquidation obligation.In the event of competition with other secured claims,the general priority rule between security rights shall be applied to the ownership of lessor or by analogy.In order to prevent the lessor's ownership from being impaired by functionalization,the super priority rule should be applied to financial leasing transactions by analogy.

关 键 词：融资租赁交易 功能主义 功能性的形式主义 超优先顺位 清算法理 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]