杜威论大学教育--教育原则、教师职前培训及学术自由  

On University Education by DEWEY:Educational Principles,Training for Pre-service Teachers and Academic Freedom

作　　者：张丽 张雪军 ZHANG Li;ZHANG Xuejun(School of Teachers and Education,Qilu Normal University,Jinan,Shandong,250200,China;School of Economics and Management,Shandong Jiaotong University,Jinan,Shandong,250357,China)

机构地区：[1]齐鲁师范学院教师教育学院,山东济南250200 [2]山东交通学院经济与管理学院,山东济南250357

出　　处：《内江师范学院学报》2023年第9期87-93,共7页Journal of Neijiang Normal University

基　　金：山东省教育科学规划创新素养专题项目“高校专创融合教育中跨学科矩阵式课程体系构建研究与实践”(2022CYB272);济南市哲学社会科学重点课题“数智时代济南市创新创业人才培养路径构建研究与实践”(JNSK22B37)。

摘　　要：杜威认为,大学教育的原则是理论和实践相结合,但二者只有产生内在联系并发生有效互动和相互影响,才能塑造真正的人才。由此,他批判大学教育中的“伪实践”,并提出“实验式”教育。关于大学教师的职前培训,杜威主张把新从业教师培养成具有教育学知识、思维敏捷、善于思考的“学生”,而不是像“学徒”一样立刻成为技能的熟练者,并且要发挥学术知识本身的价值,学会观察示范课程中的心灵互动,重视新教师的自我指导和个人经验。对于学术自由,杜威指出学术专门化是其大敌,它将教师引向“小路”,远离社会,难有作为,应发挥教师联合会等组织的作用,以联合的力量和成果,为人类的福祉作出贡献。由此带来的启示是,建设世界一流大学,理论与实践相结合的教育原则仍具有重要意义;教师的职前培训应重视知识的学习、思维的训练和经验的利用,而不是具体的技巧和技能;深刻认识学术自由的社会意义,远离专门化,依靠有组织的努力解决教育及社会问题,让学术自由真正成为大学理想。DEWEY believes that the principle of university education is the integration of theory and practice.However,only when they establish an intrinsic connection and engage in effective interaction and mutual influence can they shape true talents.Thus,he criticizes the“pseudo-practice”in university education and proposes“experimental”education.Regarding the training of pre-service teachers,DEWEY advocates for developing novice teachers into“students”who possess knowledge of education,agility of thinking,and the ability to reflect,rather than immediately becoming skilled practitioners like“apprentices”.Moreover,he emphasizes the value of academic knowledge itself,learning to observe the mental interactions in demonstration courses,and valuing self-guidance and personal experiences of new teachers.DEWEY points out that academic specialization is the enemy of academic freedom as the former leads teachers down a“narrow path”,distancing them from society and limiting their influence.He suggests that teacher unions and similar organizations should play a role in uniting teachers’strength and achievements to contribute to the welfare of humanity.Thus,the insights gained are:the principle of integrating theory and practice still holds significant importance in building world-class universities;training for pre-service teachers should prioritize knowledge acquisition,cognitive training,and the utilization of experiences rather than focusing on specific techniques and skills;a profound understanding of the social significance of academic freedom,steering away from specialization,and relying on organized efforts to address educational and societal issues,enabling academic freedom to truly become an ideal of universities.

关 键 词：杜威 大学教育 教育原则 教师职前培训 学术自由 

分 类 号：G649[文化科学—高等教育学]