印巴战争与巴基斯坦国家建设  

The Indo-Pakistani War and Pakistan State-building

作　　者：胡鹏刚 卢凌宇[2] HU Peng-gang;LU Ling-yu

机构地区：[1]昆明城市学院 [2]云南大学国际关系研究院

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2023年第4期58-82,154,155,共27页South and Southeast Asian Studies

摘　　要：经典的“掠夺理论”(predatory theory)从西欧国家形成的历史经验出发,认为战争能够促进国家建设。在第三世界,战争与国家建设的关系需要具体研究。作为当代世界国际安全环境最恶劣的国家之一,巴基斯坦长期处于战争和备战状态,为检验和发展蒂利提出的国家建设的“战争驱动模型”提供了宝贵的个案。从军事建设、汲取能力及政治合法性三个维度对巴基斯坦的国家建设进行研究后发现:战争加强了巴基斯坦军队建设和能力,但对外部军事援助的依赖影响了巴基斯坦军事建设的连续性和稳定性。战争并没有促进巴基斯坦的财政汲取能力,主要原因在于巴基斯坦特殊的战略位置,使其获得了大量外部援助,从而减少了加强汲取能力的动力。为了应对外部威胁,巴基斯坦也采取了强化民族认同的措施,力图实现“一个国家、一种宗教、一种语言”,但是族群政治削弱了战争对民族认同的建设。由于过分依赖外部援助,政权的合法性降低;由于地方民族主义的挑战,巴基斯坦成为了某种意义上军人控制的国家,这严重地阻碍了巴基斯坦国家现代化转型。The classic“predatory theory”,based on the historical experience of the formation of Western European countries,holds that war can promote state-building.In the Third World,the relationship between war and state-building requires specific research.As one of the countries with the worst international security environment in contemporary world politics,Pakistan has been in a state of war and war preparations for a long time,which provides a valuable case for examining and developing Tilly’s“war-driven model”of state-building.This paper aims to examine and develop Tilly’s proposition by exploring the impact of war on the state-building of Pakistan.It studies Pakistan’s state-building from three dimensions:military construction,capacity-absorbing capacity,and political legitimacy.The war has strengthened Pakistan’s military construction and capabilities,but the dependence on external military aid has affected the continuity and stability of Pakistan’s military construction.War did not promote Pakistan’s extractive capacity,mainly because Pakistan’s strategic location allowed it to receive a large number of external aids,thus reducing the incentive to strengthen extractive capacity.To cope with external threats,Pakistan has taken measures to strengthen national identity and try to achieve“one country,one religion,one language”,but ethnic politics has weakened the construction of national identity.Due to excessive reliance on external aids,the legitimacy of the regime has been reduced.The challenge of local nationalism has made Pakistan a state controlled by the military in a sense and has seriously hindered Pakistan’s national modernization transformation.

关 键 词：战争与国家建设 印巴战争 财政汲取能力 军事建设 政治合法性 

分 类 号：D735.3[政治法律—政治学] E353[政治法律—中外政治制度]