美国联印制华政策与第二次印巴战争(1961-1965)  

The US Policy of Aligning India against China and the Second Indo-Pakistani War(1961-1965)

作　　者：于涌泉 YU Yong-quan

机构地区：[1]中共山东省委党校(山东行政学院)科学社会主义教研部

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2023年第4期83-99,155,共18页South and Southeast Asian Studies

基　　金：中共山东省委党校(山东行政学院)青年人才专项“美国的南亚战略研究”(项目编号:20yp0011)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：中华人民共和国成立特别是朝鲜战争爆发后,美国开始在中国周边构筑围堵中国的包围圈,而印度则是美国拉拢的重要对象。1961年肯尼迪入主白宫后,更是全面实施联印制华政策。为此,肯尼迪政府首先大力加强了对印度的经济援助。然而这一做法引起了巴基斯坦的极大不安,巴基斯坦开始谋求改善与苏联和中国的关系。为避免巴基斯坦脱离自身的战略轨道,美国又采取了一系列措施以安抚巴基斯坦,而这又引起了印度方面的不满,南亚地区形势由此日益复杂和恶化,印巴两国的矛盾也在这一过程中不断加剧。1962年中国对印自卫反击战爆发,美国政府认为这是联合印度共同遏制中国的良机,开始向印度提供军事援助,同时为回应巴基斯坦的安全关切,美国大力推动印巴两国谈判解决克什米尔问题,希望实现对印与对巴政策的平衡。然而印巴两国关于克什米尔问题的谈判最终无果,美国平衡印巴的努力也宣告失败。此后,美国不再顾及巴基斯坦的感受,片面推行联印制华政策,进一步向印度提供军事援助,并在克什米尔问题上采取消极立场,任由克什米尔局势不断恶化。美国政策的偏颇不仅大大加剧了巴基斯坦的不安全感,还导致了印巴两国关系迅速恶化,最终印巴两国之间于1965年爆发了第二次大规模战争。After the founding of the People’s Republic of China,especially after the outbreak of the Korean War,the United States began to build an encirclement around China to encircle China,and India was an important target for the United States to win over.After Kennedy assumed office in the White House in 1961,he fully implemented the policy of aligning India against China.To this end,the Kennedy government first greatly strengthened its economic assistance to India.However,this approach caused great anxiety in Pakistan,and Pakistan began to seek to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China.In order to prevent Pakistan from deviating from its own strategy,the United States adopted a series of measures to appease Pakistan,which aroused dissatisfaction in India,and the situation in South Asia became increasingly complicated,worsened and intensified.In 1962,China’s self-defense counterattack against India broke out.The US government believed that it was a good opportunity to align India to jointly contain China.For this reason,it began to provide military assistance to India with the hope of achieving a balance between the policies towards India and Pakistan.However,the negotiations between India and Pakistan on the Kashmir question ultimately failed,and the US efforts to balance India and Pakistan also failed.Since then,the United States appeared to prioritize its own interests without considering Pakistan’s perspective,unilaterally implemented the policy of aligning India against China,provided further military assistance to India,and adopted a negative stance on the Kashmir question.Consequently,this approach has unfortunately allowed the situation in Kashmir to persistently deteriorate.The biased policy of the US did not only intensify Pakistan’s sense of insecurity but also led to the rapid deterioration of the relationship between India and Pakistan.Consequently,this hostile environment led to the outbreak of the second large-scale war between the two countries in 1965.

关 键 词：联印制华 美印关系 美巴关系 第二次印巴战争 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学] D835.1[政治法律—外交学] D822.3[军事—军事理论] E19