中国海草资源分布现状、退化原因与保护对策  

DISTRIBUTION STATUS,DEGRADATION REASONS AND PROTECTION COUNTERMEASURES OF SEAGRASS RESOURCES IN CHINA

作　　者：周毅[1,2,3,4] 江志坚 邱广龙[6] 张沛东[7] 徐少春 张晓梅[1,2,3,4] 刘松林[5] 李文涛 吴云超[5] 岳世栋 顾瑞婷[1,2,3,4] 丁丽[8] 郑凤英[9] 黄小平[5] 范航清 ZHANG Xiao-Mei;LIU Song-Lin;LI Wen-Tao;WU Yun-Chao;YUE Shi-Dong;GU Rui-Ting;DING Li;ZHENG Feng-Ying;HUANG Xiao-Ping;FAN Hang-Qing(CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences,Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China;Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science,Laoshan Laboratory,Qingdao 266237,China;Center for Ocean Mega-Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China;CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching,Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China;Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510301,China;Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization,Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences(Guangxi Mangrove Research Center),Beihai 536000,China;Key Laboratory of Mariculture(Ocean University of China),Ministry of Education,Qingdao 266003,China;National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center,Dalian 116023,China;Marine College,Shandong University,Weihai,Weihai 264209,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院海洋研究所中国科学院海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室,山东青岛266071 [2]崂山实验室海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东青岛266237 [3]中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东青岛266071 [4]中国科学院海洋牧场工程实验室,山东青岛266071 [5]中国科学院南海海洋研究所中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室,广东广州510301 [6]广西海洋科学院(广西红树林研究中心)广西红树林保护与利用重点实验室,广西北海536000 [7]中国海洋大学海水养殖教育部重点实验室,山东青岛266003 [8]国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁大连116023 [9]山东大学(威海)海洋学院,山东威海264209

出　　处：《海洋与湖沼》2023年第5期1248-1257,共10页Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划课题,2019YFD0901301号,2022YFF1301402号;国家科技基础性工作专项,2015FY110600号;中国科学院前沿科学重点研究项目,QYZDB-SSW-DQC041-1号。

摘　　要：海草床是三大典型的近海海洋生态系统之一,具有极高的生态服务功能。然而,截至2015年我国近海海草资源分布现状尚不明晰,严重制约了我国海草床保护与修复工作的开展。2015~2021年,笔者通过实地调查,借助船只走航、声呐探测、遥感等技术手段,重点对我国近海海草资源的分布面积、种类及主要威胁进行了全面普查,并据此提出我国海草床管理与可持续利用对策。结果表明,我国近海海域海草床面积共为26 495.69hm^(2),可划分为:温带海域海草分布区和热带-亚热带海域海草分布区;我国现有海草4科9属16种。其中,温带海域海草床面积为17 095.01 hm^(2),主要分布在辽宁、河北、天津和山东沿海,分布有2科3属5种,以鳗草(Zosteramarina)和日本鳗草(Z.japonica)为优势种,其中唐山乐亭-曹妃甸海草床面积达9 025.56 hm^(2),是我国面积最大的海草床;热带-亚热带海域海草床面积为9 400.68 hm^(2),主要分布在福建、广东、广西和海南沿海,分布有4科8属12种,以泰来草(Thalassia hemprichii)、海菖蒲(Enhalus acoroides)、贝克喜盐草(Halophila beccarii)和卵叶喜盐草(Halophila ovalis)为优势种,以海南海草种类最多(12种)。我国海草床退化原因包括海岸工程建设及围填海活动、陆源污染、渔业活动、大型藻类爆发、互花米草入侵和台风等极端气候事件。同时,笔者针对不同威胁类型和强度,提出了因地制宜的保护策略。Seagrass bed is one of the three typical offshore marine ecosystems,with extremely high ecological service functions.However,as of 2015,the distribution status of seagrass resources in China is still unclear,which seriously restricts the protection and restoration of seagrass beds.From 2015 to 2020,a comprehensive survey on the area,species,and main threats of China's seagrass resources was conducted by means of field surveys,ship navigation,sonar detection,remote sensing and other survey techniques,and accordingly,countermeasures for the management and sustainable use of China's seagrass beds were proposed.The survey results show that the seagrass bed area of China's coastal waters was 26495.69 hm^(2),which can be divided into two distribution areas:temperate seagrass distribution areas and the tropical subtropical seagrass distribution area.There are 16 species,9 genera,4 families of seagrass species in China.The seagrass bed area in temperate waters was 17095.01 hm^(2),mainly distributed along the coast of Liaoning,Hebei,Tianjin,and Shandong,with 2 families,3 genera,and 5 species.Zostera marina and Z.japonica were dominant species,and the Leting-Caofeidian seagrass bed in Tangshan was the largest sea grass bed in China,with an area of 9025.56 hm^(2);the seagrass bed area in the tropical subtropical sea area was 9400.68 hm^(2),mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,and Hainan,including 4 families,8 genera,and 12 species,among them Thalassia hemprichii,Enhalus acoroides,Halophila beccarii,and Halophila ovalis were the dominant species.Hainan had the most seagrass species(12 species).The causes of the degradation of seagrass beds in China includedcoastal engineering construction and reclamation activities,land-based pollution,fishery activities,large algae outbreaks,Spartina alterniflora invasion,and typhoon and other extreme weather events.At the same time,according to different types and intensities of threats,the author puts forward protection strategies adapted to local conditions

关 键 词：中国 海草 海草分布 海草种类 主要威胁 海草床保护 

分 类 号：Q948[生物学—植物学]