南疆地区玉米和棉花的氮磷钾肥利用效率及影响因素  

Utilization efficiency and influencing factors of N,P and K fertilizers for maize and cotton in the Southern Xinjiang region

作　　者：宫进波 盛建东[1] 汤明尧 傅国海 唐光木[4] 闫翠侠 GONG Jinbo;SHENG Jiandong;TANG Mingyao;FU Guohai;TANG Guangmu;YAN Cuixia(College of Resources and Environment,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,China;Xinjiang Soil and Fertilizer Station,Urumqi 830009,China;National Agricultural Technology Exten-sion Service Center,Beijing 100125,China;Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Saving,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业大学资源与环境学院,乌鲁木齐830052 [2]新疆维吾尔自治区土壤肥料工作站,乌鲁木齐830009 [3]全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100125 [4]新疆农业科学院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所,乌鲁木齐830091

出　　处：《华中农业大学学报》2023年第5期20-27,共8页Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University

基　　金：新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2020A01002-3);农业农村部化肥减量增效项目(2021年)。

摘　　要：为探究南疆施肥效果以及土壤肥力与肥料利用效率之间的相关性,2021年,在南疆地区开展35个肥料利用率田间试验(玉米16个、棉花19个),设置缺素处理(NP、PK、NK)和全肥处理(NPK),分别对玉米、棉花施用氮、磷、钾肥的产量反应、农学效率、养分积累规律、土壤肥力和施肥对肥料利用效率的影响等开展针对性研究。结果显示:玉米和棉花的NPK处理平均产量分别为14020.3 kg/hm2和6582.7 kg/hm2,二者的平均农学效率分别为N 13.0 kg/kg、P2O513.3 kg/kg、K2O 10.7 kg/kg和N 6.1 kg/kg、P2O57.6 kg/kg、K2O 7.5 kg/kg,氮、磷、钾肥平均利用率分别为42.4%、21.2%、54.1%和41.7%、18.9%、58.2%,施氮、磷、钾肥分别增产30.6%、14.7%、6.5%和41.5%、21.1%、13.4%。施肥可显著提高玉米和棉花对氮、磷素的吸收,每形成100 kg玉米籽粒需要N 2.44 kg、P2O50.91 kg、K2O 2.87 kg,每形成100 kg棉花籽棉需要N 5.37 kg、P2O51.67 kg、K2O 4.36 kg。玉米磷肥利用率与磷肥施用量呈显著负相关,棉花磷钾肥利用率与磷钾肥施用量也均呈显著负相关。玉米产量与磷肥施用量呈显著负相关,与土壤有效磷含量又呈显著正相关,南疆地区玉米可能存在一定的过量施用磷肥问题。玉米、棉花的钾肥利用率与土壤有效磷含量呈显著负相关。土壤pH与棉花产量、玉米的氮磷肥利用率均呈显著负相关。结果表明,南疆地区土壤盐碱化是影响棉花产量及玉米氮、磷肥利用率提高的主要限制因素之一。In 2021,35 field experiments on the utilization efficiency of fertilizer(16 for maize and 19 for cotton)were conducted in the Southern Xinjiang region to study the effect of fertilization and the relationship between soil fertility and utilization efficiency of fertilizer in the Southern Xinjiang region.The nutrient defi⁃ciency treatments(NP,PK,NK)and full fertilizer treatment(NPK)were set up.The yield response,agro⁃nomic efficiency,nutrient accumulation pattern,soil fertility and the effect of fertilization on utilization effi⁃ciency of fertilizer for maize and cotton were studied respectively.Results showed that the average yield of maize and cotton treated with NPK was 14020.3 kg/hm2 and 6582.7 kg/hm2,respectively.The average ag⁃ronomic efficiency of N,P2O5,K2O was 13.0 kg/kg,13.3 kg/kg,10.7 kg/kg,and 6.1 kg/kg,7.6 kg/kg,and 7.5 kg/kg,respectively.The average utilization efficiency of N,P and K fertilizers for maize and cotton was 42.4%,21.2%,54.1%and 41.7%,18.9%,58.2%,respectively.The application of N,P and K fertil⁃izers increased yield of maize and cotton by 30.6%,14.7%,6.5%and 41.5%,21.1%,13.4%,respective⁃ly.Fertilizer application significantly improved the uptake of N,P and K by maize and cotton.2.44 kg N,0.91 kg P2O5,and 2.87 kg K2O were required for every 100 kg maize kernels.5.37 kg N,1.67 kg P2O5,and 4.36 kg K2O were required for every 100 kg cotton seed.The utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer in maize was significantly and negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus fertilizer,and the utiliza⁃tion efficiency of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in cotton was significantly and negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as well.Maize yield was negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus fertilizer and positively correlated with the content of effective phosphorus in soil,indicating that there may be a certain problem of excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer in maize in the Southern Xinjiang region.The

关 键 词：土壤肥力 玉米 棉花 肥料利用效率 盐碱耕地治理 南疆 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学] S505S513