秸秆还田对棉花全生育期土壤水盐分布及产量的影响  

Effects of returning straw to field on distribution of water and salt in soil and yield throughout whole growth period of cotton

作　　者：张曼玉 杨海昌 张凤华[1] 于善超 孙静 曹政 ZHANG Manyu;YANG Haichang;ZHANG Fenghua;YU Shanchao;SUN Jing;CAO Zheng(College of Agronomy,Shihezi University,Shihezi 832003,China)

机构地区：[1]石河子大学农学院,石河子832003

出　　处：《华中农业大学学报》2023年第5期113-121,共9页Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42167036);兵团科技计划项目(2022ZD055);新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目(2022B02020-1)。

摘　　要：为探究秸秆还田对新疆盐渍化土壤降盐保水的作用,通过田间小区试验,设置6种处理:不还田(CK)、棉花秸秆还田(P1)、玉米秸秆还田(P2)、油菜秸秆还田(P3)、棉花秸秆还田+玉米秸秆还田(P12)、棉花秸秆+油菜秸秆还田(P13),分别测定各处理对棉花全生育期0~60 cm土层含水量、电导率、脱盐率、盐基离子含量以及棉花水分利用效率、产量的影响。结果显示:P12、P13处理较其他处理可增强土壤的蓄水能力,随着土壤深度的增加,含水量差异逐渐减小。相比CK处理,P12、P13处理土壤含水量分别提高了3.78%~15.03%、5.06%~18.23%。在棉花全生育期,P12、P13处理可提高0~20 cm土层的脱盐率,电导率较CK处理分别降低3.54%~39.27%、17.83%~40.01%。土壤盐基离子含量呈现出Na+>Ca2+>K+>Mg2+的规律,盐基离子中的Na+、K+、Mg2+含量具有表聚性。相关性分析显示,调控棉田土壤水盐环境(含水量、电导率、脱盐率)可以增加作物水分利用效率,提高产量。结果表明,P12、P13处理较其他处理更能显著增强棉花生育期内农田土壤持水能力并改善盐分分布状况,适合新疆地区盐渍土改良。Field plot experiments were conducted with six treatments including no returning to the field(CK),returning cotton straw to field(P1),returning maize straw to field(P2),returning rapeseed straw to field(P3),returning cotton straw+maize straw to field(P12);returning cotton straw+rape⁃seed straw to field(P13)to study the effects of returning straw to field on reducing salt and retaining water in saline-alkali soil of Xinjiang.The effect of each treatment on the content of water,electrical conductivi⁃ty,desalination rate,base ions,water use efficiency,and yield of the 0-60 cm soil layer during the whole growth period of cotton was measured.The results showed that treatment P12 and P13 enhanced the water storage capacity in soil compared to other treatments.The difference of the content of water decreased grad⁃ually with the increase of soil depth.Compared with CK treatment,the content of water in soil of treatment P12 and P13 increased by 3.78%-15.03%and 5.06%-18.23%,respectively.During the whole growth pe⁃riod of cotton,treatment P12 and P13 increased the desalting rate of 0-20 cm soil layer.Compared with CK treatment,the conductivity of treatment P12 and P13 decreased by 3.54%-39.27%and 17.83%-40.01%,respectively.The content of base ions in soil exhibited a pattern of Na+>Ca2+>K+>Mg2+.The content of Na+,K+,Mg2+in the base ions had the property of surface aggregation.The results of correlation analy⁃sis showed that the regulation of soil water and salt environment including the content of water,electrical conductivity,desalination rate in cotton fields increased the water use efficiency and the yield of crop.It is indicated that treatment P12 and P13 can significantly enhance water holding capacity in soil and improve salt distribution in soil during the whole growth period of cotton compared to other treatments.It will pro⁃vide reference for the improvement of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang region.

关 键 词：盐碱土壤改良 秸秆还田 水盐分布 水分利用效率 产量 棉花 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学] S505