度面为范 叠佛化塔——佛宫寺释迦塔一体化设计模式及营造理念探析  

Using Buddha Statue’s Facial Length as Modular Measurement and‘Stacking Buddha Statues’to Construct the Pagoda:An Exploration of the Integrated Design Model and Building Philosophy for the Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple

作　　者：陈斯亮[1] 喻梦哲[2] 许心悦 孙开宇 彭琛 Chen Siliang;Yu Mengzhe;Xu Xinyue;Sun Kaiyu;Peng Chen

机构地区：[1]长安大学建筑学院,西安710061 [2]西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,西安710055

出　　处：《建筑遗产》2023年第2期65-76,共12页Heritage Architecture

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(52078401)。

摘　　要：辽佛宫寺释迦塔作为古代木塔之卓绝代表,其营造智慧值得深入阐发。文章通过分析其尺度比例规律和要素间关系,提出以下观点:寺、塔、像为统一整体,以舍利为灵感来源,取塔首层大佛面长为基准长(1.473 m,合5辽尺,亦合10倍舍利高或4倍足材高)控制全寺各级尺度。运用象征佛理、皇权、天道的数字和图形,令众佛总高与塔等高,关键竖向尺寸符合丈六释迦之倍数。通过“叠佛”和“分塔”操作控制要素位置,以套嵌之方圆衍化出系列尺寸,营造过程中兼顾整体统摄与精微协调。研究揭示了释迦塔兼具文化理念和整尺思维的一体化设计模式,阐释了其蕴含的天人观、数形义理思想、人本理念和型范思维。The Shakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple built in the Liao Dynasty(916-1125 CE)is an outstanding example of ancient timber pagodas.The wisdom behind its construction is worth elu-cidating.Through an analysis of the relationship between the pattern in its scale and proportion and components of the Shakyamuni Pagoda,the ar-ticle proposes that the temple,the pagoda,and the Buddha statues constitute an integral unity.Inspired by theŚarīra(Buddha’s bone relics),the Shak-yamuni Pagoda uses the facial length of the great Buddha statue on the ground floor as the modular measurement(1.473 m,equivalent to 5 Liao-dynasty chi[Chinese foot],10Śarīra’s height,or 4 zucai[full unit of measurement])to determine the dimensions of the overall temple.The pagoda uses numerical fig-ures and shapes to symbolise the Buddhist doctrine,the supreme imperial power,and the way of heaven.Its height equates to the total height of all the Buddha statues,and its essential vertical dimensions corre-spond to a multiple of the height of Shakyamuni(16 chi).Its critical formal elements are determined through‘stacking Buddha statues’and‘dividing the pagoda’,and a series of dimensional relation-ships are derived through the nesting square-circle diagram.The pagoda’s design process considers both the overall unity and subtle and microscopic coordination.This study reveals an integrated design model in the Shakyamuni Pagoda that combines cul-tural connotations and modularisation of construc-tion rulers.It elucidates the celestial-human outlook,the integration of numbers,shapes,meanings,and reasons,the humanistic concepts,and the modular thinking embedded in the pagoda’s design.

关 键 词：一体化设计 佛面基准长 倍身造塔 方圆衍生 皇权隐喻 佛牙舍利 

分 类 号：TU-098.3[建筑科学—建筑理论] TU252