农村集体经济组织权利能力的限制与扩张——兼论《农村集体经济组织法(草案)》的完善  

The Restriction and Expansion of the Civil Rights Capacity of Rural Collective Economic Organizations:An Interpretation of the Perfection of the Law on Rural Collective Economic Organizations(Draft)

作　　者：谢鸿飞[1,2] Xie Hongfei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学法学院 [2]中国社会科学院法学研究所私法研究中心

出　　处：《中国社会科学院大学学报》2023年第8期5-22,147,F0003,共20页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“民法典实质债法规范体系研究”(22AFX015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：农村集体经济组织作为特别法人,民事权利能力受限较多是其“特别性”之一。《农村集体经济组织法(草案)》第5条旨在限制农村集体经济组织权利能力,规定经营农民集体财产以外的经营活动由农村集体经济组织的二级法人承担,主要考量是其作为农民集体所有权的组织形式,体现了共同富裕、农民生计保障等公有制承诺,应避免其过分追逐营利目标而放大风险,损害农民集体和成员的利益。基于适度发展农村规模经济、重振“统分结合”等因素的考虑,农村集体经济组织的权利能力范围应合理扩张。在解释论上,农村集体经济组织应具有为完成其社会性职能而对外缔约的权利能力;在立法论上,农村集体经济组织应具有为其成员提供借款和担保的权利能力。在农村集体经济组织化初期,章程不宜设置法外权利能力。权利能力范围的大小,决定了农村集体经济组织破产能力、法人治理是否关注债权人保护以及“村社合一”的必要性。As a special legal person,rural collective organizations have more limited range of civil rights,which is one of their"special characteristics".Article 5 of the Law on Rural Collective Economic Organizations(Draft)aims to limit their rights and capabilities,and stipulates that the business activities other than the management of peasant collective property shall be undertaken by the second-level legal person of rural collective economic organizations,which mainly considers that as an organizational form of peasant collective ownership,the second-level legal person carries the public ownership commitments,such as common prosperity and peasants'livelihood security.We should avoid magnifying risks by excessively pursuing profit objectives,and avoid damaging the interests of peasant collectives and their members.Based on the factors such as moderate development of rural scale economy and revitalization of the“combination of centralization and decentralization”,the scope of rights and abilities of rural collective economic organizations should be reasonably expanded.In the interpretation theory,the rural collective economic organization should have the legal capacity for making a contract with others to fulfill its social functions.In the legislation theory,it should have the legal right to provide loans and guarantees for its members.In the early stage of incorporation of rural collective economic organizations,it is not appropriate to set up extrajudicial rights in the constitution.The scope of the legal capacity determines the bankruptcy capacity of the rural collective economic organization,whether its corporate governance is concerned with the protection of creditors,and the necessity of“village community integration”.

关 键 词：农村集体经济组织 农民集体所有 担保能力 村民委员会 乡村振兴 

分 类 号：D923.0[政治法律—民商法学]