功能主义担保立法语境下融资租赁出租人的物权性质与救济——“变性”抑或“增容”?  

The Nature of Property Right and the Remedies of the Lessor of Financial Leases in the Context of Functionalist Security Legislation—“Change of Nature”or“Expansion”?

作　　者：李志刚 LI Zhigang

机构地区：[1]山西师范大学社会学与法学学院

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2023年第5期56-73,共18页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：我国《民法典》第388条第1款有关担保合同包括“其他具有担保功能的合同”的规定引发了融资租赁交易中出租人享有的是所有权还是担保物权、在承租人破产时是取回权还是别除权的争论。但《民法典》承继了原《合同法》中有关出租人享有租赁物所有权的规定,并未将其变性为担保物权。“变性论”与《民法典》规定的文义不符,也不能妥当解释不动产融资租赁、约定所有权期满归属于出租人的租赁物权属等问题。“消灭隐形担保”的立法目的通过明确租赁物的权属登记已经解决,并非必须将所有权变性,肯定担保功能不等于只享有担保物权。《民法典》第388条规定增加了出租人的权利实现方式,在《民法典担保解释》中得以落实。故出租人有权依据其所有权选择主张取回权或者担保物权的权能,在破产程序中可以选择主张取回权或者别除权,是“增容”而非“变性”。Article 388,paragraph 1 of the Civil Code,which provides that Security contracts include“other contracts with a function of security”,has triggered debates as to whether the lessor in a financial lease transaction enjoys ownership or security interest of the lease property and whether the lessor enjoys the right of repossession or the right of priority claim in the event of the lessee’s bankruptcy.Nevertheless,the Civil Code inherits the provisions of the former Contract Law that the lessor enjoys ownership of the lease property,and does not change the nature of such right into a security interest.The“Change of Nature”theory does not conform to the literal meaning of the Civil Code,nor can it properly explain issues such as real estate financial leases or the ownership of lease properties that are agreed to belong to the lessor upon expiration of the lease period.Given that the legislative purpose of“eliminating implicit guarantee”has been resolved by the ownership registration of the leased property,it is not necessary to change the nature of ownership,and affirming the security function does not mean that only the security interest could be enjoyed.Article 388 of the Civil Code adds the methods of realization of the lessor’s rights,which are implemented in the“Interpretation concerning the Application of the Relevant Security System of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China”issued by the Supreme People’s Court.Therefore,the lessor with the ownership has the right to choose to claim the right to take back the lease property or to claim the security interest.In the bankruptcy procedure,the lessor can choose to assert the right to take back the lease property or the right of priority claim,which is“Expansion”rather than“Change of Nature”.

关 键 词：融资租赁 功能主义 所有权 担保物权 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]