《民法典》债权人协力义务的体系化分析  

Systematic Analysis of the Creditor’s Cooperative Acts in Contracts in the Chinese Civil Code

作　　者：陈晨[1] CHEN Chen

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2023年第5期74-89,共16页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：合同双方既对立又合作的关系决定了债务人债务的履行离不开债权人的协力。围绕协力义务,《民法典》虽然提供了若干条线索,但类型化和体系性不足。从合同双方利益状态出发,债权人的协力义务存在真正义务和不真正义务双重面向。典型利益格局中,协力仅直接与债权人利益相关,协力义务为不真正义务,以《民法典》第589条为中心的“受领迟延”制度保护债务人的利益不因债权人协力行为的缺失而受不利影响。非典型利益格局中,协力对债务人债务的履行和合同目的的实现必不可少,协力义务为真正义务。以承揽合同为例,可归责于定作人的协力义务不履行与定作人任意解除应作同一评价,定作人的损失赔偿责任实为报酬支付义务的存续。承揽人享有对待给付外的其他利益时,定作人的任意解除权存在被限制的可能性。The relationship between the two parties of a contract,which is both antagonistic and cooperative,determines that the debtor’s obligations cannot be performed without the cooperation of the creditors.Although the Civil Code provides several explicit or implicit clues around the duty to cooperate,it is not sufficiently typological and systematic.In view of the interests of the contracting parties,the creditor’s cooperate acts may be either a real obligation or an unreal obligation.In the typical interest pattern,the cooperative act is only directly related to the creditor’s interest,and the cooperative act is not real obligation.The creditor’s delay in acceptance centered on§589 of the Civil Code protects the debtor’s interest from being adversely affected by the creditor’s lack of cooperation.In an atypical interest pattern,cooperation act is essential for the performance of the debtor’s obligations and the achievement of the contractual purpose,therefore is the duty to cooperate a real obligation.In the case of Contracts for Work,for example,refusal to cooperate,blamable impossibility of cooperation and the arbitrary termination of the contract by the ordering party should be evaluated in the same way,and the ordering party’s liability for damages is the survival of the obligation to pay of the remuneration.If the contractor has an interest other than remuneration,there is room for restriction of the ordering party’s right to rescind at will.

关 键 词：受领迟延 不真正义务 协力义务 承揽合同 体系化 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]