增设操纵体育比赛犯罪的“失败样本”——德国刑法修改的考察及对我国的启示  

“Failure Sample”of Adding Crimes of Manipulating Sports Games—An Investigation of the Revision of German Criminal Law and its Enlightenment to China

作　　者：赵冠男[1] ZHAO Guannan

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学法学院

出　　处：《中德法学论坛》2022年第2期40-62,共23页

摘　　要：在热点案件助推与立法机关推动下,《德国刑法典》第265c、265d条增设体育博彩诈骗罪和操纵职业体育比赛罪两项罪名。增设新罪所面临的批判在于:立法者提炼出的“体育纯粹性”法益之内涵与外延并不清晰,且在集体与个体的双重法益之间存在脱节和背离;新罪增设意味着刑法干预前置,但在博彩诈骗与操纵比赛的惩治问题上,缺乏正当根据,其所真正保护的,实质只是一种潜在的忧惧的危险;两项新增罪名在实践中遭遇司法冷遇,属于典型的象征性立法。从避免贿赂犯罪不必要的重复立法、释放诈骗犯罪现存的制度空间、防范刑法干预过分前置、警惕象征性立法等方面,应对《德国刑法典》增设操纵体育比赛犯罪的“失败样本”加以反思。The call for the addition of the crimes of manipulating sports competitions is growing in China,which should be treated with caution.With the help of hot cases and the promotion of the legislature,the German Criminal Code added two crimes of sports betting fraud and manipulating professional sports games.The criticism faced by the addition of new crimes is that the legal interests of“purity of sports”extracted by the legislators are ambiguous,and there is disconnection and deviation between the collective and individual legal interests;the addition of new crimes means that criminal law intervention is preemptive,but there is no justifiable basis for the punishment of gambling fraud and game manipulation,and the essence of protection is only a potential danger of fear;the two newly added crimes have met with judicial cold reception in practice,which is a typical symbolic legislation.From the aspects of avoiding repeated legislation for bribery crimes,releasing the institutional space for fraud crimes,preventing excessive intervention of criminal law,and vigilance against symbolic legislation,we should reflect on the“failure sample”of the crime of manipulating sports competitions in Germany.

关 键 词：操纵体育比赛犯罪 《德国刑法典》 体育博彩诈骗罪 操纵职业体育比赛罪 

分 类 号：D951.6[政治法律—法学] D924