长期施肥对农牧交错区农田肥力因子及作物产量的影响  

Effects of long-term fertilization on farmland fertilities and crop yields in farming-pastoral ecotone

作　　者：张婷婷 段玉 梁俊梅 张君 安昊 范霞 韩振勇 ZHANG Ting-ting;DUAN Yu;LIANG Jun-mei;ZHANG Jun;AN Hao;Fan Xia;Han Zhen-yong(Institute of Resources,Environment and Sustainable Development,Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia 010031,China;Saihan Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia 010020,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院资源环境与可持续发展研究所,内蒙古呼和浩特010031 [2]呼和浩特市赛罕区农牧业技术推广中心,内蒙古呼和浩特010020

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第9期1643-1653,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：农田智慧施肥项目(05);内蒙古科技计划项目(2021GG0010);国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-14)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究长期不同施肥对农牧交错带土壤酶活性、土壤化学性质及作物产量的影响,为旱作农田合理施肥和土壤培肥提供依据。【方法】长期定位试验位于内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院武川旱作试验站,始于2004年,种植制度为马铃薯-油菜-莜麦轮作,一年一熟制。试验设置8个处理:CK(不施肥)、N(氮肥)、NP(氮磷肥)、NK(氮钾肥)、PK(磷钾肥)、NPK(氮磷钾肥)、M(羊粪)和NPKM(氮磷钾肥配施羊粪),2021年种植作物为莜麦。调查了莜麦产量;采集各小区耕层(0—20 cm)土壤样品,分析磷酸酶(PA)、硫酸酯酶(SU)、β-葡糖苷酶(BG)、β-木糖苷酶(BX)、α-葡糖苷酶(AG)、β-纤维二糖苷酶(BCBH)、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和土壤有机质(SOM)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、pH等指标。通过主成分分析和冗余分析,探讨土壤酶活性分布特征及其与土壤化学性质和产量的关系。【结果】连续18年不同施肥处理均显著提高了作物产量和肥料对产量的贡献率,莜麦产量由高到低为NPKM>NPK>NP≈M>NK>N>PK>CK,施肥处理分别比CK增产140.5%、108.7%、76.3%、71.1%、57.5%、48.2%和20.8%,肥料对产量的贡献率分别为58.4%、52.1%、43.3%、41.5%、36.4%、32.5%和17.0%。长期施肥不同程度地提高了土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾含量,提高幅度均以NPKM处理最高,分别是CK的5.35、2.29、10.07和4.89倍。长期施肥显著影响了土壤pH,除PK处理外,土壤pH均显著低于CK,NPKM和NPK处理的土壤pH又显著低于除NP和NK外的其他施肥处理。NPK和M处理显著提高了参与碳(AG、BG、BX和BCBH)、氮(LAP和NAG)、磷(PA)和硫(SU)循环的酶活性。二者配施后的NPKM处理进一步提升了酶活性,其AG、BG、BX和BCBH分别是CK的1.71、1.87、2.05和2.11倍,LAP和NAG分别是CK的1.97和2.24倍,PA是CK的2.24倍,SU是CK的3.11倍。土壤酶活性的变化主要由养分因子驱动,其中AN、SOM和AP是�【Objectives】We studied the soil enzyme activities,nutrient contents and crop yield after 18 years consecutive different fertilizations,so as to provide a basis for rational fertilization and farmland cultivation in the farming-pastoral ecotone.【Methods】A long-term positioning experiment was carried out in Dryland Experimental Station,Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences,Inner Mongolia.The experiment started since 2004,the cropping system was potato-rapeseed-naked oats rotation,and one crop per year.The experiment was composed of eight treatments,including:CK(without fertilization),N(nitrogen fertilizer),NP(only N and P fertilizer),NK(only N and K fertilizer),PK(only P and K fertilizer),NPK(N,P and K fertilizer),M(sheep manure),and NPKM(NPK combined with sheep manure),all the three crops were under the same fertilizer input scheme,and the crop was naked oats in 2021.After harvest,naked oat yield was investigated.Soil sample was taken from the topsoil(0−20 cm)of each plot for the determination of phosphatase(PA),sulfatase(SU),β-glucosidase(BG),β-xylosidase(BX),α-glucosidase(AG),β-cellobiosidase(BCBH),N-acetyl-glucosaminidase(NAG),L-leucine aminopeptidase(LAP),and soil organic matter(SOM),alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen(AN),available phosphorus(AP),readily available potassium(AK),and pH.Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis were used to explore the distribution characteristics of soil enzyme activities and their relationship with soil nutrients and yield.【Results】All the fertilizer treatments significantly increased the yield and the contribution rate of fertilizers to yield.The yield increment and fertilizer contribution rate were in the descent order of NPKM>NPK>NP≈M>NK>N>PK>CK,with the yield increment relative to CK of 140.5%,108.7%,76.3%,71.1%,57.5%,48.2%and 20.8%,respectively,and the fertilizer contribution rate of 58.4%,52.1%,43.3%,41.5%,36.4%,32.5%and 17.0%,respectively.Long term fertilization effectively increased soil organic matter and available N,P and K content in dif

关 键 词：栗钙土 长期施肥 有机无机配施 土壤养分 土壤酶活性 莜麦产量 

分 类 号：S14[农业科学—肥料学]