通过种植制度改革实现黄淮海北部地区玉米机械籽粒直收  

Reforming the Cropping System to Achieve Maize Mechanical Grain Harvesting in Northern Huang-Huai-Hai Area of China

作　　者：侯梁宇 张镇涛 黄兆福 李璐璐[1] 郭亚南 明博[1] 谢瑞芝[1] 侯鹏[1] 薛军 王克如[1] 李少昆[1] HOU LiangYu;ZHANG ZhenTao;HUANG ZhaoFu;LI LuLu;GUO YaNan;MING Bo;XIE RuiZhi;HOU Peng;XUE Jun;WANG KeRu􀀍;LI ShaoKun(Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100081;College of Environment and Resources,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室,北京100081 [2]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2023年第19期3788-3798,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300605);国家自然科学基金(31371575,31360302);国家玉米产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-25);中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程。

摘　　要：【目的】机械粒收是玉米收获技术发展的方向。在“冬小麦-夏玉米”一年两季轮作种植制度下,黄淮海北部地区热量资源不足,玉米生长季节有限,收获时籽粒含水率高,难以进行机械粒收,是世界上玉米机械粒收技术应用难度最大的区域,探索玉米机械粒收的可行性对推动区域玉米生产全程机械化和玉米产业提质增效、提升竞争力具有重要意义。【方法】2016—2017年在新乡、2018年在北京分别对郑单958、先玉335、迪卡517、京农科728和丰垦139等不同熟期品种的籽粒脱水积温需求进行系统观测;利用黄淮海北部地区近10年气象数据,以冬前预留500℃·d积温为小麦适宜播期,按玉米生长季节活动积温(≥0℃)100℃为梯度,将其划分为7个积温带;将区域热量资源条件和不同品种籽粒脱水积温需求进行定量匹配分析。【结果】在玉米正常夏播条件下,随着品种熟期提早,各供试品种在黄淮海北部地区达到生理成熟并且可以实现粒收的区域逐渐向北扩展,一般比小麦适宜播期推迟5—10 d,但是区域内北端和西端的积温带Ⅰ—Ⅲ(1900—2800℃·d)的热量资源仍无法满足熟期较早的京农科728和丰垦139籽粒含水率下降至25%甚至是达到生理成熟的积温需求。将冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟改为夏玉米-春玉米-冬小麦两年三熟制后,玉米春播和夏播各供试品种籽粒含水率都能下降至25%以下实现机械粒收,如果选择熟期较早的品种,在冬小麦或春玉米播种前还可以通过田间站秆脱水延迟收获,使籽粒含水率进一步降至20%以下,提高粒收质量,降低烘干成本。【结论】通过种植制度改革可以有效解决黄淮海北部地区玉米生长季节热量不足、收获时期含水率过高导致的玉米成熟度差、容重低、易霉变和机械粒收难度大的问题,实现提质增效。【Objective】Mechanical grain harvesting is the development direction of maize harvesting technique,however,under a crop rotation system of winter wheat and summer maize,which is hardly to be achieved in China,resulting from insufficient heat resource in limited growing season for maize.So far,the northern Huang-Huai-Hai area is the area where the mechanical grain harvesting for maize is most difficult to be applied and spread all over the world.Thus,a study on the feasibility of corn’s mechanical grain harvesting is considerably significant to the whole-process mechanization,quality,proceeds and industrial competitiveness of corn production in Huang-Huai-Hai area.【Method】In northern Huang-Huai-Hai area,the dynamic observation for the accumulated temperature requirements for grain dehydration of 5 maize cultivars with different physiological maturity,including Zhengdan958,Xianyu335,Dika517,Jingnongke728 and Fengken139,were designed in Xiangxiang,Henan province from 2016 to 2017 and then in Beijing,in 2018 respectively.Then,based on the meteorological data from 2007 to 2018,after reserving 500℃·d for winter wheat growth,the northern Huang-Huai-Hai area was divided into 7 accumulated temperature zones according to a temperature gradient of 100℃,so as to spatially illustrate the heat resource distribution during maize growth season in this area.Hence,the different cultivars’accumulated temperature requirements for grain dehydration were mapped under the heat resource distribution in this area.【Result】Under the conventional sowing condition of summer maize,each cultivar’s coverage that mechanical grain harvesting could be achieved after physiological maturity,with the advance of maturity,which were gradually extended northwardly,commonly 5-10 d later than the current sowing time for winter wheat in northern Huang-Huai-Hai area.However,the heat resource of accumulated temperature zonesⅠ-Ⅲ(1900-2800℃·d)were still hardly able to meet the requirements of Jingnongke728 and Fengken139 for a rela

关 键 词：黄淮海北部地区 热量资源 玉米 籽粒含水率 种植制度 机械粒收 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S512.11