有机物料与化肥长期配施对小麦玉米轮作潮土细菌群落和酶活性的影响  

Effects of Long-Term Synergistic Application of Organic Materials and Chemical Fertilizers on Bacterial Community and Enzyme Activity in Wheat-Maize Rotation Fluvo-Aquic Soil

作　　者：张灵菲 马垒 李玉东 郑福丽[2] 魏建林[2] 谭德水[2] 崔秀敏[1] 李燕[2] ZHANG LingFei;MA Lei;LI YuDong;ZHENG FuLi;WEI JianLin;TAN DeShui;CUI XiuMin;LI Yan(College of Resources and Environment,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai’an 271018,Shandong;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100)

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学资源与环境学院,山东泰安271018 [2]山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,济南250100

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2023年第19期3843-3855,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1901003);国家小麦产业技术体系(CARS-03);山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2022A09);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QD033)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究有机物料与化肥长期配施对土壤细菌群落和酶活性的影响,揭示土壤养分、胞外酶活性与细菌群落之间关系,为制定潮土区小麦玉米轮作制度下长期且合理的施肥策略提供理论依据。【方法】连续10年的定位试验,设置不施肥(NF)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)、50%的化肥配施6000 kg·hm-2猪粪(NPKP)和50%的化肥配施6000 kg·hm-2牛粪(NPKC)等5个处理。【结果】(1)有机物料与化肥长期配施(NPKS、NPKP和NPKC)可显著提高土壤肥力和胞外酶活性,其中NPKC处理提升效果最为显著,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性较NPK处理提升幅度为13.8%—15.4%、9.7%—15.5%、7.2%—15.9%、13.6%—38.5%和2.5%—13.1%。(2)有机物料与化肥长期配施显著改变了细菌群落结构和组成。与NPK处理相比,小麦季NPKS处理显著上调物种为Aggregatilinea和Parachlamydia,NPKP处理显著提高Pseudomonas、Nonomuraea和Flexilinea丰度,NPKC处理仅Luteitalea丰度显著升高。玉米季NPKS处理显著上调的物种为Phycisphaera和Syntrophothermus,NPKP处理显著提高Gemmatimonas丰度;NPKC处理Aquipuribacter和Desulfosoma丰度显著升高。(3)功能预测结果表明,长期有机物料与化肥配施较单施化肥对土壤碳、氮循环功能有促进作用,尤其NPKC处理对硝化作用、尿素溶解、芳香族化合物的降解、木聚糖分解、纤维素降解作用均有较强的影响。(4)蒙特尔分析表明,土壤pH是潮土细菌群落结构和生态功能的主要调控因素。【结论】有机物料与化肥长期配施(尤其是化肥配施牛粪)可提高土壤肥力和胞外酶活性,增加有益菌群丰度,显著改变细菌群落结构和组成,有利于碳、氮、磷循环,从而促进潮土形成适合作物和细菌生长的环境。【Objective】This experiment studied the effects of long-term synergistic application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers on soil bacterial community and enzyme activity,and revealed the relationship between soil nutrients,extracellular enzyme activity and bacterial community,so as to provide a theoretical basis for formulating long-term and reasonable fertilization strategies under wheat-maize rotation system in fluvo-aquic soil.【Method】Based on a 10-year located experiment,five treatments were set up,including no fertilization(NF),chemical fertilizer(NPK),chemical fertilizer with straw return(NPKS),50%chemical fertilizer with 6000 kg·hm^(-2) pig manure(NPKP),and 50%chemical fertilizer with 6000 kg·hm^(-2) cow manure(NPKC).【Result】(1)The combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers(NPKS,NPKP and NPKC)could significantly improve soil fertility and extracellular enzyme activity,among which NPKC treatment had the most significant effect.Compared with NPK treatment,the contents of organic matter,total nitrogen,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity were increased by 13.8%-15.4%,9.7%-15.5%,7.2%-15.9%,13.6%-38.5%和2.5%-13.1%.(2)Long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly changed the bacterial community structure and composition.In the wheat season,compared with NPK treatment,NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Aggregatilinea and Parachlamydia,NPKP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Pseudomonas,Nonomuraea and Flexilinea,while NPKC treatment only significantly increased the abundance of Luteitalea.In the maize season,compared with NPK treatment,NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Phycisphaera and Syntrophothermus,NPKP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Gemmatimonas,and NPKC treatment significantly increased the abundance of Aquipuribacter and Desulfosoma.(3)The results of functional prediction showed that combined application of organ

关 键 词：小麦玉米轮作 有机物料 化肥 长期施肥 细菌群落 酶活性 土壤养分 潮土 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S513