民事司法裁判文书中的人权:观念与功能  

Human Rights in Civil Judicial Documents:Conception and Function

作　　者：郑若瀚 Zheng Ruohan

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学人权研究院

出　　处：《人权》2023年第4期126-142,共17页Human Rights

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“习近平关于尊重和保障人权的重要论述研究”(编号:22&ZD004)。

摘　　要：传统人权理论倾向于认为,人权要旨在于防御公权力,人权的法律问题系公法问题。然而,人权观念和实践的发展并不困囿于此。检索我国民事司法裁判文书发现,“人权”跃然呈现其中。在3,412份民事裁判文书中,“人权”遍及物权、合同、劳动、侵权、婚姻财产等各类案由纠纷,既寓于当事人的主张,也寓于法官的说理,人权已然成为理解和评价社会行为的话语和尺度。民事司法裁判文书中人权语词的使用,至少反映了三种人权观念,即生存权发展权是首要基本人权,人权司法保障是一种底线保障,以及人权保障旨在实现权利平等。法官不时请人权“出场”,亦表明人权在司法审判活动中具有实践性功能,实践中主要表现为以人权的价值理念进行价值宣示和补强论证,利用宪法的人权条款予以合宪性解释,以及通过人权原理进行模糊规则解释和权利排序。Traditional human rights theory tends to hold that human rights should be aimed at defending public authority,and that the legal issue of human rights is a matter of public law.However,the development of human rights concepts and practices is not just confined to this.A textual search shows that the term"human rights"exists widely in China's civil judicial documents.Among the 3,412 civil judgment documents we researched,the concept of"human rights"penetrates all kinds of disputes in lawsuits,ranging from property rights,contracts,labor,and torts to marital property,which is embedded in both the claims of the parties con-cerned and the reasoning of judges.As a matter of fact,human rights have become the dis-course and yardstick for understanding and evaluating social behavior.The widespread use of the term"human rights"in civil judicial documents reflects at least three concepts related to hu-man rights:first,the rights to subsistence and development are the primary basic human rights;second,the judicial protection of human rights is a bottom-line guarantee;third,the protection of human rights aims to achieve equal rights.Today,judges quote the theory of hu-man rights in judicial judgments from time to time,evidencing that human rights have a practi-cal function in judicial adjudication activities,and in practice this is mainly manifested in de-claring righteous values and strengthening arguments with the values and ideas related to human rights,using the provisions concerning human rights in the Constitution to interpret the consti-tutionality,and using the principles of human rights to interpret blurred rules and rank the im-portance of different rights.

关 键 词：人权 人权观念 民事司法 裁判文书 裁判理由 

分 类 号：D926[政治法律—法学] D922.1