水肥耦合效应对苹果幼树生长、果实产量品质及土壤养分特征的影响  

Effects of water and fertilizer coupling on growth,fruit yield and quality and soil nutrient characteristics of apple saplings

作　　者：崔佳伟 任佳伟 李著帅 冯晓琳 张欣然 闫雨阳 耿增超[1] CUI Jiawei;REN Jiawei;LI Zhushuai;FENG Xiaolin;ZHANG Xinran;YAN Yuyang;GENG Zengchang(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌7121000

出　　处：《果树学报》2023年第10期2098-2111,共14页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：陕西省科技重大专项—苹果优质高效生产关键技术研发与示范(2020zdzx03-02-01);陕西省农业专项—新型秸秆炭基缓释肥料研究与开发(NYKJ-2022-YL(XN)49)。

摘　　要：【目的】通过对3年生苹果幼树进行水分调控和有机肥替代耦合试验,探寻一种促进黄土高原地区苹果树生长、提升果实产量和品质,并能提升土壤肥力的果园灌溉施肥模式。【方法】于2020—2022年在陕西省渭南市白水县苹果试验站进行,供试材料为3年生瑞雪苹果幼树,试验设置水分和施肥2因素,其中水分设置3个处理,分别为田间持水量的80%(W1)、田间持水量的60%(W2)、田间持水量的40%(W3);施肥设置3个处理,分别为常规施肥(F1)、有机肥替代氮肥20%(F2)、有机肥替代氮肥40%(F3),并设置一个对照组(CK,田间持水量的80%,不施肥),测定两年的果树生长量、果实产量和品质,以及土壤养分含量。【结果】(1)合理的有机肥替代量(F3、F2)及高、中灌水量(W1、W2)促进了两年苹果幼树株高和茎粗的生长。(2)两年果实最大产量均出现在F3W1处理,分别为0.74、4.84 kg。(3)合理的有机肥替代量(F3、F2)及高、中灌水量(W1、W2)促进了果实横径和纵径的提升,水肥耦合对两年果实的果形指数影响均不显著;合理的水肥耦合促进了两年果实可溶性固形物含量、固酸比的提升和可滴定酸含量的降低,有机肥替代氮肥40%及高灌水量(F3W1)效果最佳,该处理下两年可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)分别为19.26%、22.20%,固酸比分别为41.33、62.82,可滴定酸含量分别为0.473%、0.265%;低灌水量(W3)也可以促进可溶性固形物含量的提升。(4)合理的水肥耦合整体上促进了两年土壤各项养分指标的提升。(5)根据相关性分析,2021年果实产量、品质与土壤养分显现出不同程度的显著负相关;2022年果实产量以及果实横径、纵径、固酸比与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著负相关(p<0.05),固酸比与土壤全氮含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。【结论】合理的有机肥替代化肥及水分调控可【Objective】In agricultural production,the implementation of water regulation is the key to water-saving irrigation technology.Reasonable water regulation can not only reduce the amount of irrigation,but also improve the quality of fruits and other agricultural products.The application of organic fertilizer combined with reduced chemical fertilizer can increase fruit yield,reduce acidity,improve quality indexes such as soluble solids,and promote soil nutrient release and soil fertility.In this experiment,the coupling test of water regulation and organic fertilizer was carried out on 3-year-old apple saplings to explore an orchard irrigation and fertilization model that promotes the growth of apple fruit trees,improves fruit yield and quality,and improves soil fertility in the Loess Plateau.【Methods】This experiment was conducted at the apple experimental station in Baishui County,Weinan City,Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2022.The test materials were 3-year-old Ruixue apple saplings.The test set two factors of irrigation and fertilization.Irrigation was set at three levels,80%(W1),60%(W2),and 40%(W3)of field capacity;three levels of fertilization were conventional chemical fertilizer(F1),organic fertilizer replacing 20%nitrogen fertilizer(F2),and 40%nitrogen fertilizer(F3),and the control(CK,80%of field capacity,no fertilization).The growth of fruit trees,fruit yield and quality,and the content of soil nutrients were measured for two seasons.【Results】(1)Reasonable organic fertilizer substitution(F3,F2)and irrigation(W1,W2)promoted the growth of plant height and stem diameter of apple saplings in two years.(2)The highest fruit yield in 2021 and 2022 was in F3W1 treatment and 0.74 kg and 4.84 kg,respectively,which was 10.45%and 51.52%higher than that of conventional fertilization,and 12.12%and 49.85%higher than that of the control group in 2021 and 2022,respectively.(3)Reasonable organic fertilizer substitution amount(F3,F2)and irrigation amount(W1,W2)increased fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters,a

关 键 词：苹果 水肥耦合 有机肥替代 果树生长 产量 品质 土壤养分 

分 类 号：S66[农业科学—果树学]