权衡与抉择:中国近代海关与其他机构的早期气象合作  

Trade off and Choice:Early Meteorological Cooperation between the Chinese Maritime Customs and other Institutions in Modern China

作　　者：陈倩[1] 李晓岑[1] CHEN Qian;LI Xiaocen(Scientific Cognition and Protection research bases of Cultural Heritage,Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,Nanjing 210044,China)

机构地区：[1]南京信息工程大学文化遗产科学认知与保护研究基地,南京210044

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2023年第2期191-205,共15页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：中国科协科技智库青年人才计划“中国近代海关气象观测数据挖掘与评估研究”(项目编号:20220615ZZ07110319);中国科协研究生科普能力提升项目“气象万千——中国近代海关气象观测网科普”(项目编号:KXYJS2022082)。

摘　　要：通过对中国近代海关档案的系统梳理,文章认为海关总税务司赫德本想在海关建设独立的气象观测台网,但因种种原因未能实现,故选择与徐家汇观象台、中国香港天文台开展合作,提供海关气象观测数据。季节性台风造成惨重的生命、财产损失,人们对台风预警服务的迫切需求,推动了海关气象观测站与周边台站共享观测数据,反映了社会需求对气象科学研究的促进作用。得益于气象合作,海关气象观测站建立了早期观测规范,相关气象观测数据成为近代台风预警的重要支撑。Based on the Chinese Maritime Customs historical archives and documents,this paper holds that the Inspectorate General of Customs,Robert Hart(1835-1911),originally wanted to build an independent observatory and customs meteorological observation network within the Customs,but it could not be realized for many reasons.Finally,he chose to cooperate with the Zikawei(徐家汇)Observatory and Hong Kong,China Observatory to provide customs meteorological observation data.The tragic loss of life and property caused by seasonal typhoons and the urgent demand for typhoon warning services pushed the Chinese maritime customs meteorological stations to share observation data with neighboring observatories,reflecting the contribution of social demand to meteorological scientific research.Through meteorological cooperation,customs meteorological observation stations established early observation norms,and meteorological observation data became an important support for typhoon warning in modern times.

关 键 词：海关 气象合作 赫德 台风预警 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]