生草对梨园温度和果实产量与品质的影响  

Effects of Grasses Cultivation on Temperature,Fruit Yield and Quality of Pear Orchard

作　　者：韦鑫 张朝权 谢彩云 张莉 李娟 张礼维 WEI Xin;ZHANG Chaoquan;XIE Caiyun;ZHANG Li;LI Juan;ZHANG Liwei(Guizhou Institute of Prataculture,Guiyang,Guizhou 550006;Comprehensive Agricultural Service Center of Chuntan Street in Anlong County,Anlong,Guizhou 552400;Qianxinan Agricultural and Rural Development Center,Xingyi,Guizhou 562400,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州省草业研究所,贵州贵阳550006 [2]安龙县春潭街道农业综合服务中心,贵州安龙552400 [3]黔西南州农业农村发展中心,贵州兴义562400

出　　处：《贵州农业科学》2023年第10期108-114,共7页Guizhou Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：贵州省草业研究所科技创新课题“牧草套种对果园小生态环境改良及经济效益的影响”[草业所科技创新课题(2018)02];贵州省科学技术基金项目“贵州适生牧草白三叶根际细菌合成铁载体基因的克隆与功能分析”[黔科合基础(2020)1Y062];贵州省科研机构创新能力建设专项资金“乌蒙山区特色果园生草复合生产增效创新能力建设”[黔科合服企(2021)2];贵州省科研机构创新能力建设专项资金项目“贵州草地资源管理与高效利用创新能力建设”[黔科合服企(2022)004]。

摘　　要：【目的】探明果园生草对贵州果园温度、果实产量和品质的影响,为贵州生态果园的高效管理提供参考。【方法】在树龄为16年丰产的金秋梨园进行3种牧草(鸭茅、白三叶和光叶紫花苕)生草试验,以清耕为对照,生草3年后测定牧草产量,夏季和冬季果园内温度,梨单果质量、单株产量和果实品质。【结果】3种牧草鲜草产量在2232.23~2501.25 kg/667m^(2),以鸭茅最高,生草各处理间差异均不显著。与对照相比,生草处理土壤(0~20 cm)、地面、果园底层(10~30 cm)空气温度夏季分别降低1.1~1.8℃、4.7~4.8℃和4.3~5.5℃,冬季分别升高0.5~1.0℃、0.5~1.0℃和0.3~1.2℃;梨单果重和单株产量分别增加12.31%~14.01%和3.39%~8.70%;果实的可食率、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量和维生素C含量分别提高0.37~1.74百分点、0.41~0.94百分点、55.64%~81.37%和50.75%~83.87%,果形指数和可滴定酸含量分别降低0.51%~9.11%和13.58%~49.33%。【结论】果园生草对果园内温度具有调节作用,能促进果树增产,提升果实品质。果园套种光叶紫花苕的果实产量最高,品质较优。【Objective】The effects of grass cultivation on the temperature,fruit yield and quality of Guizhou orchards were studied,which provided references for efficient management of ecological orchards in Guizhou.【Method】With taking cleaning tillage as control,the grasses cultivation experiment of three forage grass(Dactylis glomerata,Trifolium repens and Vicia villosa)was conducted in Jinqiu Pear orchard with high yield and 16-year old pear trees.After 3 years of grassing,the pasture yield,summer and winter temperature in orchard,single fruit weight,yield per plant and fruit quality were determined.【Result】The fresh grass yield among the three types of forage ranged from 2232.23 to 2501.25 kg/667m^(2),and D.glomerata had the highest yield.There was no significant difference in grassed cultivation among different treatments.Compared with CK,the temperature in soil(0-20 cm),ground,and lower layer(10-30 cm)of the orchard with different treatments respectively decreased by 1.1-1.8℃,4.7-4.8℃,and 4.3-5.5℃in summer,and respectively increased by 0.5-1.0℃,0.5-1.0℃,and 0.3-1.2℃in winter.The single fruit weight and yield per plant respectively increased by 12.31%-14.01%and 3.39%-8.70%.The edible rate,soluble solid content,total soluble sugar content,and vitamin C content of the fruit respectively increased by 0.37 percentage points-1.74 percentage points,0.41 percentage points-0.94 percentage points,55.64%-81.37%,and 50.75%-83.87%.The fruit shape index and titratable acid content respectively decreased by 0.51%-9.11%and 13.58%-49.33%.【Conclusion】Grass cultivation in orchard could regulate the temperature,increase the yield of fruit trees and improve fruit quality.Orchard intercropping with V.villosa could obtain the highest yield and better quality of fruit.

关 键 词：果园 牧草 果园温度 梨 单株产量 果实品质 

分 类 号：S662[农业科学—果树学]