海洋竞争利用关系中的“相互适当顾及”原则研究  

Study on Principle of “Mutual Due Regard” in Marine Competitive Utilization

作　　者：李文杰 Li Wenjie

机构地区：[1]国际关系学院法学院

出　　处：《法学》2023年第10期172-191,共20页Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“海上平时军事活动的管辖权问题研究”(20CFX081)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在厘清同义词互替,以及与“合理顾及”“特别顾及”间的关系问题后,可发现1982年《联合国海洋法公约》中存在大量“适当顾及”之规定。其中,“相互适当顾及”规定因在海洋竞争利用关系中发挥的协调性功能而最受瞩目,且应是在现代国际海洋法中具有强行法特征的基石性原则。在“相互适当顾及”的适用方面,不少观点主张因其与“剩余权利”或“善意原则”实为一体故可直接互用相关理论,但三者间虽联系紧密却相互独立。关于该原则的履行,在满足特定条件时必须事先进行协商,但无论协商程序启动或成功与否,国家在行动过程中应始终尽力使各方权益处于协调状态。同时,不仅比例原则可作为判断的辅助工具,还应允许存在不可抗力等可减免义务的特殊情况。当前,在通过“和平利用海洋”“禁止使用武力”“剩余权利”否定外国在他国专属经济区内平时军事活动的权利方面尚有症结时,可运用“相互适当顾及”对之进行有力限制。After clarifying the interchangeability of synonyms and the relationship between “reasonable regard” and “special regard”,it can be found that there are a large number of “due regard” provisions in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.Among them,the provision of “mutual due regard” is most notable because it plays a coordinating function in the relationship of maritime competition utilization,and it should be a cornerstone principle with jus cogens characteristics in the recent international law of the sea.In terms of the application of “mutual due regard”,many viewpoints claim that the relevant theories of “residual rights” or “good faith” can be directly interapplied because they are actually the same rule,but the three are independent of each other.With regard to the implementation of such principle,prior negotiations must be made when certain conditions are met.But no matter whether the negotiation process is initiated or successful,the state should always try its best to keep the interests of all parties in coordination during the course of its actions.At the same time,not only the “principle of proportionality” can be used as an auxiliary tool for judgment,but also special circumstances such as “force majeure” that can be exempted from obligations.When there is still a dilemma in denying the rights of foreign countries carring out peacetime military activities in the exclusive economic zone of other countries through “peaceful use of the sea”,“prohibition of the use of force” and “residual rights”,the “mutual due regard” can be used to effectively restrict this action.

关 键 词：海洋竞争利用 相互适当顾及原则 协调性功能 专属经济区内平时军事活动 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]