论中国《外国国家豁免法》的限制豁免制度  

On the Restrictive Immunity System of China's Foreign State Immunity Law

作　　者：李庆明[1] Li Qingming

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所

出　　处：《国际法研究》2023年第5期28-55,共28页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：2021年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“我国经济制裁法律体系构建研究”(项目批准号21&ZD202)的资助。

摘　　要：外国国家豁免制度是一个涉及政治和法律、外交和司法的交叉领域。《中华人民共和国外国国家豁免法》(下文简称《外国国家豁免法》)实现了从绝对豁免政策到限制豁免制度的转变,由外交中心主义转变为司法中心主义。虽然《外国国家豁免法》整体上是一部由法院实施的程序法,但外交部就国家行为的事实问题出具的证明文件应得到法院采信,且外交部有权在其认为案件涉及重大国家利益时出具意见供法院参考。《外国国家豁免法》推定外国国家享有管辖豁免,同时规定了7项得到广泛认可的例外,包括外国国家放弃管辖豁免,外国国家在中国领域内从事商业活动或者在中国领域外从事商业活动但在中国领域内产生直接影响而引起的诉讼,外国国家因在中国领域内全部或部分履行的劳动或者劳务合同引起的诉讼,外国国家在中国领域内造成的侵权赔偿诉讼,外国国家因财产的所有、占有和使用事项在中国领域内引起的诉讼,外国国家在中国领域内因知识产权归属和侵权等事项引起的诉讼,外国国家因仲裁协议、仲裁裁决和其他对仲裁进行审查的相关事项在中国领域内引起的诉讼。《外国国家豁免法》规定了司法强制措施豁免的3项例外,意味着外国国家财产接近享有绝对的司法强制措施豁免。The foreign state immunity system is an intersecting field involving politics and law,diplomacy and justice.“The Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign State Immunity”(hereinafter referred to as the“Foreign State Immunity Law”)has achieved the shift from absolute immunity policy to restrictive immunity system,and China's foreign state immunity system has transformed from diplomacy-centrism to judicial-centrism.Although the Foreign State Immunity Law as a whole is a procedural law enforced by the courts,the certifying documents issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on factual issues related to acts of state shall be accepted by the courts,and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs may provide an opinion for the court's reference when it believes that the case involves major national interests.The Foreign State Immunity Law presumes that a foreign state enjoys jurisdictional immunity and provides for seven widely recognized exceptions,including waiver of jurisdictional immunity by a foreign state;proceedings arising out of a foreign state engaging in a commercial activity in the territory of China or a commercial activity outside the territory of China but causing a direct effect in the territory of China;proceedings arising out of a foreign state performing labor or service contracts in whole or in part in the territory of China;proceedings arising out of tort compensation caused by a foreign state in the territory of China;proceedings arising out of the ownership,possession,and use of property matters by a foreign state;proceedings arising out of matters such as intellectual property ownership and infringement in the territory of China involving a foreign state;and proceedings arising out of matters such as arbitration agreements,arbitral awards,and other reviews of arbitration involving a foreign state.The Foreign State Immunity Law provides for three exceptions to immunity from compulsory judicial measures,which means the property of a foreign state shall nearly enjoy absolute immunity from compu

关 键 词：绝对豁免 限制豁免 管辖豁免 司法强制措施豁免 国家行为 外国国家豁免法 

分 类 号：D922.13[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]