集体行为视角下美国高校女校长临界规模达成的分析  

Study on the Achievement of "Critical Mass"of Female Presidents in American Universities from the Collective Behavior Perspective

作　　者：徐佳丽 XU Jia-li(Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China)

机构地区：[1]南昌大学,江西南昌330031

出　　处：《黑龙江高教研究》2023年第10期76-84,共9页Heilongjiang Researches on Higher Education

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“新时代中国高校内部治理能力提升研究”(编号:22JZD049)。

摘　　要：美国高校的女校长比例在2017年达到30%这一临界规模,分析这一临界规模达成的原因对于进一步将我国的性别平等政策落到实处具有启发性意义。研究采用集体行为视角,从历史过程和行为特点两个维度分析临界规模达成的原因。研究发现,在历史过程方面,女性在美国高校的职业之旅经历了五个主要历史阶段,分别是:从19世纪30年代以后到20世纪80年代,女性获得了高校的职业准入,但20世纪80年代以后,高学历女性数量蓬发,而高校女性职业分布却呈现出底层集聚与高层缺损的矛盾状态,引发了结构性紧张。因此,20世纪90年代,为了打破这种失衡现象,国家政策与高校制度层面均制定了一系列的制度规范,21世纪以后,对于高校女性领导力的肯定渐渐成为一种集体信念,2010年以后,全国兴起了女性领导力提升项目浪潮,尤其是对高校的女性领导力进行了专门的行动动员。在行为特点方面,美国高校女校长临界规模的达成体现了社会风潮与国家推动相结合、供给侧战略与需求侧战略相结合、认知性运动与规则性行动相结合的三重特色。The proportion of female presidents in U.S.colleges universities reached a critical mass of 30%in 2017,and analyzing the reasons for reaching this critical mass is enlightening for further implementation of gender equality policies.The study adopts a collective behavior perspective to analyze the reasons for reaching the critical size from two dimensions:historical process and behavioral characteristics.The study finds that in terms of historical process,women's career journey in U.S.universities has gone through five major historical stages,respectively,before the 1980s,women began to gain access to careers in colleges and universities,but after the 1980s,the uneven distribution of women's careers in universities triggered structural tensions.Therefore,in the 1990s,in order to break this imbalance,both national policies and institutional levels of universities developed.After the 21st century,the affirmation of women's leadership in universities gradually became a collective belief,and after 2010,a wave of women's leadership enhancement projects emerged nationwide,especially the mobilization of special actions for women's leadership in universities.In terms of behavioral characteristics,the critical scale of women presidents in American universities has reflected the triple characteristics of combining social trend with national promotion;supply-side strategy with demand-side strategy;and cognitive movement with rule-based action.

关 键 词：美国 大学 女校长 临界规模 集体行为 

分 类 号：G640[文化科学—高等教育学]