刑法中义务冲突的界定、类型与体系定位  

Definition,Types and System Positioning of Conflicts of Obligations in the Criminal Law

作　　者：张小宁 ZHANG Xiaoning

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院上海司法研究所

出　　处：《法学研究》2023年第5期189-205,共17页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：2022年国家社科基金后期资助重点项目“客观违法论的现代展开”(22FFXA004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在判断冲突义务的位阶高低时,除了所关涉的法益的质与量的比较衡量之外,将义务冲突理解为义务背后法条之间的竞合,进而细化为规则与规则的竞合、规则与原则的竞合、原则与原则的竞合,可以更好地处理冲突义务的位阶设定问题。在此基础上,可将义务冲突定位为违法或责任阻却事由;阻却违法性的义务冲突包括等阶义务冲突中对冲突义务的任意择一履行和不等阶义务冲突中选择履行高阶义务这两种情形,而阻却责任的义务冲突只有不等阶义务冲突中选择履行低阶义务这一种情形。如此的二元论处理方案,更有益于妥当处理义务冲突中的疑难案例,特别是涉及生命法益冲突的情形。When ranking conflicting obligations,we should,besides comparing the quality and quantity of legal interests,understand a conflict of obligations as the concurrence of laws behind obligations and then refine it into the concurrence between rules and rules,between rules and principles,or between principles and principles.On this basis,a conflict of obligations can be regarded as the cause of obstructing illegality and/or liability.Conflicts of obligations to obstruct illegality include two situations,namely the arbitrary performance in the equal-level conflicts of obligations,and the performance of the higher-level obligations in the unequal-level conflicts of obligations,while conflicts of obligations to obstruct liability include only one situation,namely the performance of the lower-level obligations in the unequal-level conflicts of obligations.By adopting this modified dualist method,we can solve the difficult cases of conflicts of obligations,especially cases involving the conflicts of legal interests of life.

关 键 词：义务冲突 义务位阶 法益衡量 紧急避险 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]