墨子“明鬼”论与先秦“赏善罚暴”法律观念的盛兴  

Mozi's Theory of“Ming Gui”and the Prevailing of Pre-Qin's Legal Concept of“Rewarding the Good and Punishing the Evil”

作　　者：马腾 MA Teng(Law School&Intellectual Property School,Jinan University,Guangzhou 510632)

机构地区：[1]暨南大学法学院,广州510632

出　　处：《南京师大学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期116-125,共10页Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级项目“中国传统德刑礼法思想研究”(21SFB4020)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：上博简《鬼神之明》篇面世以来,学界关于该篇是否为墨家文献聚讼纷纭。阐释《鬼神之明》篇旨可回观涵盖“明鬼”论的更为宏阔的传世《墨子》。本于“兼爱”,墨家劝善戒恶歆惧世人,明鬼原是墨家正义观的一种独到表述。这种“贵义”的规范诉求不免抵牾于现实的失范情态,于是墨子重拾传统神权法因素,塑造权威要素以填补规范信仰的缺失。因此,“明鬼”论说始终通过“赏善罚暴”语句彰显其政治法律功能,并具体表达“不杀不辜,不失有罪”的罪刑原则。墨家“明鬼”论既成为赏刑之法的话语渊源,也因渲染性恶而趋近于重刑理论。墨家“明鬼”论及《鬼神之明》篇旨反映了先秦赏刑理论史的展开,亦是考察信仰与法律关系理论的范例。Since Gui Shen Zhi Ming鬼神之明(The Wisdom of Spirits and Deities)of Chu bamboo slips was made public by Shanghai Museum,there has been a lot of discussion about whether it belongs to the Mohist School.The interpretation of the main idea of Gui Shen Zhi Ming should return to the currently existent Mozi which has a broader vision and covers the issue of Ming gui明鬼(bright ghost).The Mohist School advocates“universal love”,and likes to persuade people to do good and dissuades them from doing evil.Therefore,Ming Gui should be originally a special expression of the Mohist School's concept of justice.Such an appeal to norms that value righteousness is invariably in contradiction with the reality,hence Mozi's resumption of the elements of the traditional theocratic law to establish the authority to fill the absence of faith.Therefore,the discourse of Ming Gui highlights its political and legal function by“rewarding the good and punishing the evil”all the time and specifically expresses the principle for the crime and punishment,insisting that“the innocent should not be prosecuted and the guilty not set free”.The theory of Ming Gui of the Mohist School is the discursive origin for the governance model of rewarding and punishing but it is also close to severe penalty theory as it tends to stress the evil of human nature.This theory and the main idea of Gui Shen Zhi Ming both indicate the development of the history of the theory of rewarding and punishing in the pre-Qin period,thus also constituting a paradigm to examine the theory of the relationship between belief and law.

关 键 词：墨家 明鬼 鬼神之明 法家 赏善罚暴 赏刑 

分 类 号：K22[历史地理—历史学] D909.2[历史地理—中国史] B224[政治法律—法学理论]