阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫的进展  

Advances in Flame Retardants Rigid Polyurethane Foam

作　　者：孙俊杰 杨素洁 黄新杰[1] 张冬欣 刘秀玉[1] 唐刚[1] SUN Junjie;YANG Sujie;HUANG Xinjie;ZHANG Dongxin;LIU Xiuyu;TANG Gang(School of Architecture and Civil Engineering,Anhui University of Technology,Ma'anshan,Anhui 243032,China;Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry,Anhui University of Technology,Ma'anshan,Anhui243002,China)

机构地区：[1]安徽工业大学建筑工程学院,安徽马鞍山243032 [2]安徽工业大学分子工程与应用化学研究所,安徽马鞍山243002

出　　处：《塑料》2023年第5期109-117,共9页Plastics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(51403004);安徽省自然科学基金(2108085ME178)。

摘　　要：硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)为多元醇与异氰酸酯通过加聚反应制备的高分子材料,由于其具有低导热性、显著的力学性能,并且,质地轻盈,被广泛应用于各个领域。但是,硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有特殊的多孔结构和大量的碳氢链段,极易燃烧,并且,在燃烧过程中释放CO、NO_(x)及HCN等有毒气体,使其在使用过程中存在极大的火灾安全隐患,需要进行阻燃处理。目前,阻燃方法主要有反应型阻燃、添加型阻燃和纳米复合等,通过叠加使用上述方法,实现协效阻燃、催化成炭、减烟抑毒的目的,有效地降低了复合材料燃烧时的热危害和毒性危害。基于阻燃机理,进一步分析国内外添加型阻燃剂、反应型阻燃剂、结构型阻燃剂、涂层型阻燃的研究现状及存在的问题,并且,阐述了生物质基聚氨酯泡沫的研究进展。最后,对硬质聚氨酯泡沫的发展前景进行展望。Rigid polyurethane foam(RPUF)is a polymer material made from polyol and isocyanate which is widely used in various fields due to its low thermal conductivity,light weight and excellent mechanical property.However,the porous structure and huge number of hydrocarbon chain segments of RPUF make it exhibited high combustibility,releasing CO,NO_(x),HCN,and other harmful gases and smoke during the combustion process,endowing it with a great fire safety risk in the use process and required flame retardant treatment.Currently,there are mainly reactive flame retardant,additive flame retardant and nano-composite flame retardant strategies,through the superposition of the above strategies to achieve synergistic flame retardant,catalytic carbon formation,smoke reduction and toxicity suppression effects,effectively reducing the thermal and toxic hazards of composite materials during combustion.Based on the discussion of flame retardant mechanism,the research status and existing problems of the additive flame retardant,reactive flame retardant,structural flame retardant as well as coating flame retardant are further investigated at home and abroad,and the common types of synergistic flame retardant systems are summarized,the research progress of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam was expounded.Lastly,the prospects for rigid polyurethane foam are discussed.

关 键 词：硬质聚氨酯泡沫 阻燃剂 添加型阻燃 反应型阻燃 结构型阻燃 涂层型阻燃 

分 类 号：TQ328.3[化学工程—合成树脂塑料工业]