清华简《五纪》中的宇宙论与楚帛书等图式的方向问题  

A Study of the Cosmology in Tsinghua Bamboo Slips Wuji and the Direction of Chu Silk Books

作　　者：贾连翔[1] Jia Lianxiang

机构地区：[1]清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心、“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”协同攻关创新平台,北京100084

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第5期134-144,224,共12页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金重点项目“清华简古文字数据库建设与相关问题研究”(20YYA001)。

摘　　要：清华简《五纪》中多次出现“天”“地”“四荒”“四冘”“四梪”“四维”这一组概念,它们既有方位属性,又有神明属性,是探索当时宇宙论的关键钥匙。据简文可推知,“天”“地”“四荒”合称“六合”,可理解为一个六面体,代表宇宙总体空间;“四冘”指天之四正方向,与文献中的“四仲”相当;“四梪”可读为“四柱”或“四树”,是支天之柱,位于四隅,应即楚帛书之四树;“四维”用于表示天球方位,由于天球不停旋转,正向和隅向之间不停转换,故“四维”含有正向、隅向双重内涵。根据《五纪》的记载可推拟出一幅“天纪图”,此图具有“后帝”视角的方位特点,可帮助我们理解楚帛书、《筮法》卦位图等先秦图式的方向问题。The concepts of"heaven","Earth","four-huang","four-yin","four-dou"and"four-wei"appeared many times in Tsinghua Bamboo slips Wuji.They had both the attribute of orientation and the attribute of divine name,which was the key to explore the cosmology at the time.According to the Wuji,we can infer that,"heaven","Earth"and"four-huang"are collectively called"Liuhe",which can be understood as a hexahedron,representing the overall space of the universe;"four-yin"refers to the four directions of the sky,which is similar to the meaning of"four Zhong"in literature;"four-dou"can be read as"Si Zhu"or"Si Shu"',which is a pillar supporting the sky,located at the four corners,which should be the four trees in the Chu silk book;"four-wei"is used to indicate the orientation of the celestial sphere.According to the records of the Wuji,a"celestial discipline map"can be restored,and this picture has the orientation characteristic of the"post-emperor"perspective,which can help us understand the direction of Pre-Qin schemata such as Chu silk books,Shifa and so on.

关 键 词：清华简 四荒 六合 四树 四维 《五纪》 

分 类 号：K877[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] B016.8[历史地理—历史学]