“五服”与“三代”:从中国婚姻法禁婚范围的变迁看“性别”与“姓别”  

Wufu and Sandai:Gender and Family Name in the Light of Changes of Marriage Prohibition in China’s Marriage Laws

作　　者：赵晓力[1] ZHAO Xiaoli(School of Law,Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《社会》2023年第5期87-111,共25页Chinese Journal of Sociology

摘　　要：从清末变法开始,中国婚姻法的禁婚范围经历了一个从“五服”到“三代”的转变。中国传统社会自周代以后奉行“同宗不婚”的周礼,对中表婚则听民自便,法所不禁。1930年《中华民国民法典·亲属编》按照男女平等原则,将中国传统亲属分类——宗亲和外亲——改为西方式的血亲和姻亲,五服之外的宗亲和三代以内的中表亲能否结婚便成为问题。本文通过考察1950年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》婚姻自由原则与民间“同宗不婚”之礼的矛盾和1980年《中华人民共和国婚姻法》优生政策与婚姻自由原则在中表婚问题上的冲突,指出这些矛盾冲突的根源在于中西亲属分类凿枘不入,中国亲属分类是建立在社会性的“男女姓别”基础上,而不是生物性的“男女性别”基础上,传统社会“同宗不婚”和“中表为婚”是由于亲属制度重内轻外而非重男轻女造成的。Since the late Qing Dynasty,the scope of prohibited marriage in China’s marriage law has undergone a change from wufu(five grades of mourning)to sandai(three generations).Since the Zhou Dynasty,traditional Chinese society had adhered to the Zhou etiquette of“no marriage between members of the same clan”.Marriage between cousins(except paternal parallel cousins)had been left to the discretion of the family and not prohibited by law.In 1930,in accordance with the principle of equality between men and women,the kinship section of the Republic of China Civil Code changed the classification of traditional Chinese kinships of internal relatives and extermal relatives to Western-style blood relatives and in-laws,thus introduced a problem of whether or not clan members outside of the wufu circle and cousins within three generations could marry each other.This paper points out these contradictions and conflicts by examining the contradiction between the principle of freedom of marriage under the 1950 Marriage Law and the common practice of“no marriage between members of the same clan”,and the conflict between eugenic policy and freedom of marriage in the 1980 Marriage Law.The root of these contradictions is the fact that Chinese kinship and Western kingship classifications are incompatible.Chinese kinship categorization is based on the social“clan surnames”system rather than the biological“sex”system,and the traditional social practice of no marriage within the same clan and marriage between cousins(except paternal parallel cousins)is due to the kinship system’s emphasis on internal relations over external ones rather than on male over female preference.Nowadays,with the abolition of change of surnames for women after marriage,the traditionally external(e.g.maternal)relatives can now be regarded as internal relatives,the“no marriage within the same clan”can be applied to both clans.The eugenic reason for prohibiting marriage of collateral relatives within three generations and the etiquette reason

关 键 词：宗亲 外亲 血亲 中表婚 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] D923.9