拉美国家防空识别区的现行实践及其借鉴  

Current Practice and Lessons of Air Defense Identification Zones in Latin America

作　　者：曹群 付丽媛 CAO Qun;FU Liyuan(China Institute of International Studies,Beijing 100005,China)

机构地区：[1]中国国际问题研究院,北京100005

出　　处：《杭州电子科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期43-53,共11页Journal of Hangzhou Dianzi University：Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目(21FGJB015)。

摘　　要：拉丁美洲已有不少国家划设防空识别区,其现行规则颇具特点,与美国等较早划设防空识别区之国实践有着较大差异。在覆盖范围上,所有拉美国家现行防空识别区皆位于本国飞行情报区之内,且其中多数范围限于本国领空之内,仅少数覆盖“国际空域”。在适用对象上,绝大多数国家防空识别区现行规则是针对民用航空器,个别国家规则对外国军用航空器有所提及,导致其适用对象范畴可能“超规”。在适用情况上,绝大多数拉美国家的防空识别区规则并不涉及是否适用于无意进入领空的“仅穿越”情况。另外,个别国家防空识别区早期实践中允许使用致命武力攻击民用航空器之规定在其他地区实践中较为少见。部分拉美国家的“独特”实践表明,防空识别区亦可专为应对非传统安全威胁而设,此颇具借鉴价值。在拉丁美洲,划设防空识别区的国家愈益增多,但并未得到国际社会重点关注,国际民航组织所发相关文件论及防空识别区多对拉美国家实践予以“忽视”而未能将其反映于“国际惯例”概括表述之中。At present,several countries in Latin America have publicly set up Air Defense Identification Zones(ADIZs),the rules of which are quite characteristic and different from the early ADIZ practice of the United States and other forerunners.In terms of geographic coverage,all ADIZs established by Latin American countries are located within their own Flight Information Regions(FIRs),and the majority are limited to their national airspace,only a few of them have extended to the“international airspace”.As for the applicable targets,the existing rules of most ADIZs in the region are aimed at civil aircraft,only a few foreign military aircraft mentioned,which leads to a probable“irregularity”.And for the applicable conditions,most Latin American ADIZ rules do not explicitly exclude the application to aircraft“merely transiting”with no intention to enter the national airspace.In addition,the early ADIZ practice of an individual Latin American country that allowed using the lethal force against the civil aircraft is relatively rare in other regions.In recent years,the number of Latin American ADIZs has gradually increased;still the international community hasn t paid close attention to the ADIZ practice of Latin American countries.It is instructive that certain Latin American ADIZs have been established exclusively for non-traditional security threats.Latin American ADIZs have been“neglected”in related documents issued by the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO),and their ADIZ practice seemed to be excluded from the general expression of“international practice”.

关 键 词：拉丁美洲 防空识别区 《国际民用航空公约》 

分 类 号：D933.4[政治法律—法学]