科学种族主义视阈下美国南部白人医生与拥奴思想的建构  

The White Physicians of the American South and the Construction of Proslavery Ideology from the Perspective of the Scientific Racism

作　　者：丁见民[1] Ding Jianmin

机构地区：[1]南开大学世界近现代史研究中心

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第4期31-46,I0003,I0004,共18页World History

基　　金：教育部基地重大项目“传染病与美国早期防疫、公共卫生体制的奠基研究”(项目编号:22JJD770038)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：从18世纪末到内战前,面对国际和国内废奴运动所带来的思想意识挑战,美国南部白人医生吸收科学种族主义和人种学理论,将这些起源于欧洲和美国北部的思想与南部奴隶制的现实结合并加以改造,为维护奴隶制提供了知识资源,与南部其他知识精英、政治人士共同建构了拥奴思想。他们从身体和智识两方面考察黑人种族,讨论黑人对某些疾病具有的免疫力及其相关疾病的易感性,利用这些所谓种族特征来论证黑人的“低劣性”。在南部白人医生看来,黑人的生理特征具有政治与社会意义,成为论证黑人适应南部炎热气候劳动,维护南部黑人奴隶制的一种工具。白人医生还杜撰了所谓的“黑人疾病”,并对黑奴伪装患病进行特殊的诊断和治疗,利用医学和生理学知识证明黑人在生理和精神上的缺陷,从而为奴隶管理提供医学支撑。南部白人医生的拥奴思想建构对19世纪的南部社会乃至整个美国产生了很大影响。即使在奴隶制被废除、黑人成为自由人后,由白人医生建构的科学种族主义依然在美国南部白人社会中盛行,成为社会达尔文主义的重要思想基础。From the late 18th century to the eve of the Civil War,the white physicians of the American South,confronting with ideological challenges of international and internal Abolitionist Movements,absorbed scientific racism and ethnological theories.They combined those ideas originating from Europe and the American North with the realities of the slavery in the American South,thus transforming them into southern proslavery ideology with other intellectual elites and politicians of the American South together.These white elites began to investigate the body and the mind of the black race,discussed the immunity and susceptibility of Negro Related Diseases,thus proving that the black inferiority was their racial traits.In the white physicians'opinions,the physical and physiological characteristics of the American blacks acclimated to the southern hot climates,and the blacks were adapted to slavery.In addition,the southern white physicians invented so-called Black Diseases,recognised and treated the black feigning illness in the southern plantations,attempting to reveal mental deficiencies of the blacks.Accordingly,the black slaves must accept the discipline and punishment of the southern planters and the white physicians.Through the study of the body,diseases and treatment of the black slaves,the southern white physicians participated in the construction of the southern proslavery ideology and scientific racism,providing the medical support for the slave management.This proslavery ideology of the southern white physicians imposed great impact on the American history,especially the southern society in the first half of the 19th century.Even after the Civil War and the Emancipation,scientific racism constructed by the white physicians was still the popular ideology in the American Southern white society,becoming the significant ideological foundation of the Social Darwinism.

关 键 词：美国废奴运动 科学种族主义 白人医生 奴隶制 拥奴思想 

分 类 号：K712.3[历史地理—历史学]