衰落论、转型论与危机应对论:“中世纪晚期危机”解释模式的嬗变  

Decline,Transition and Coping with the Crisis:The Evolution of the Interpretation of the‘Crisis of the Late Middle Ages’

作　　者：吕昭 Lyu Zhao

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院历史系

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第4期130-143,I0006,I0007,共16页World History

基　　金：2020年国家社科基金青年项目“中世纪晚期法国的城市自治与危机应对研究”(项目编号:20CSS010)阶段性成果;“清华大学基础文科发展项目”资助;唐仲英基金会“仲英青年学者项目”资助。

摘　　要：“中世纪晚期危机”是对14—15世纪发生在西欧的饥荒、瘟疫、战争及其导致的人口减少、经济停滞、政治和社会秩序紊乱的概括。中世纪晚期危机从20世纪30年代开始成为西欧中世纪史的重要研究主题,已经形成了两大主流解释模式。第一种是“衰落论”:通过探寻危机产生的原因,认为中世纪晚期危机是西欧社会相对于中世纪盛期的衰落;第二种是“转型论”:通过探讨危机的影响,提出中世纪晚期危机推动了西欧社会形态和国家形态从中世纪向近代的转型。这两种范式都是以中世纪晚期之前或之后的历史时段为标准做出的相对性判断。时至今日,只有以危机与危机应对的视角重新审视14至15世纪西欧在政治、经济、社会等领域的变化与发展,揭示出中世纪晚期西欧社会的韧性,才能对旧的范式实现突破,进而深化对历史上“危机”与社会发展之间互动关系的理解。The concept of‘Crisis of the Late Middle Ages’summarises the famines,plagues,wars and the resulting population decline,economic stagnation,and political and social disorders in Western Europe from the 14th to the 15th centuries.It had been an important research theme since the 1930s and has formed two explanatory paradigms.The one is the‘decline theory’that argued through exploring the causes of the crisis that the crisis was a consequence of the decline of the Western European society comparing to the High Middle Ages.The other is the‘transition theory’that proposed through exploring the impacts of the crisis that the crisis promoted the transition of the social formation and state form from the Middle Ages to the modern era.Both interpretative paradigms are relative judgments which resulted from a comparison to the historical periods before or after the late Middle Ages.It could break through the old paradigms only by re-examining the changes and developments in the political,economic and social fields of Western Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries from the perspective of the crisis and coping with such crisis,which further reveals the resilience and dynamics of the Western European society in the late Middle Ages.

关 键 词：中世纪晚期危机 封建社会 近代国家 危机应对 社会韧性 

分 类 号：K503[历史地理—历史学]