GATT安全例外中“国际关系中的紧急情况”解释  

On the Interpretation of“Emergency in International Relations”in the Security Exception of GATT

作　　者：刘瑛 林慧雨 Liu Ying;Lin Huiyu

机构地区：[1]中山大学法学院,广东广州510275

出　　处：《湖湘法学评论》2023年第4期139-151,共13页HUXIANG LAW REVIEW

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目:美国全球单边经济制裁中涉华制裁案例分析与对策(21&ZD207)。

摘　　要：《关税与贸易总协定》(GATT)第21条允许世界贸易组织成员方在“国际关系中的紧急情况”下为保护其基本国家安全利益背离其义务。专家组分别在“俄罗斯运输限制措施案”“沙特知识产权案”“美国钢铝措施案”和“美国原产地标记案”等四个案例中对“国际关系中的紧急情况”作出了解释,确立了对该术语进行分析的框架。在这四个案例中,专家组对“国际关系中的紧急情况”的解释呈现出事件主体范围和事件发生领域扩大、所涉情况严重性增强的趋势。此外,专家组在四个案件中所运用的解释方法有所不同,表现出从偏重文义解释、体系解释以及目的解释,到逐渐引入有效解释原则的动向,并辅之以比对三种官方语言文本的方式来解读该术语的含义。中国应维护多边贸易体系,对“国际关系中的紧急情况”提出符合多边主义、时代发展和中国利益的解释方案。Article 21 of the GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)allows World Trade Organization members to depart from their obligations to protect their essential national security interests in“emergency in international relations”.The panel reports in Russia-Traffic in Transit,Saudi Arabia-Intellectual Property Rights,US-Steel and Aluminum Products,and US-Origin Marking interpreted“emergency in international relations”and established an analytical framework for this clause.In the four cases,the Panels’interpretation of“emergency in international relations”shows a tendency to broaden the scope of the subjects of the incident and the coverage of the area in which it occurs,as well as to increase the gravity of the situation involved.In addition,the interpretation methods applied by the panels in the four cases varied,showing a trend from a preference for the literal,systematic and purposive interpretation approaches to the subsequent gradual introduction of the principle of effective interpretation,supplemented by a comparison of the texts in the three official languages to clarify the meaning of the term.China should safeguard the multilateral trading system and propose an interpretation of“emergency in international relations”that aligns with multilateralism,the development of the times and the interests of China.

关 键 词：世界贸易组织 国家安全例外 国际关系中的紧急情况 解释方法 基本安全利益 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]