清代云南垦荒移民政策与山区社会重构——以永北直隶厅为例  

Land Reclamation and Immigration Policy and Social Reconstruction in Mountainous Areas in Yunnan during Qing Dynasty:A Case Study on Yongbei Independent Sub-Prefecture

作　　者：罗勇 LUO Yong(Institute of Minzu Culture Research,Dali University,Dali,Yunnan 671003)

机构地区：[1]大理大学民族文化研究院,云南大理671003

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第4期150-158,共9页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“明清西南边疆移民在地化研究”(项目编号:16CMZ004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：随着人口的增加,清代云南出现人地矛盾。汉民涌入山区,影响了夷民的生计。道光元年(1821)永北厅夷民驱逐汉民即在此背景下发生。此后清朝将垦荒移民编入保甲,允许其在垦殖地定居。这成为处理云南其他地区垦荒移民的政策,为他们在垦殖地获得客籍身份创造了条件,影响了山区社会重构。这些重构包括:(1)清早期纳入保甲体系的群体只有卫所移民后裔,道光初年以后增加了垦荒移民和土司夷民;(2)社会矛盾从垦荒移民与土司夷民之间的矛盾转变为本地汉人与客民、土司夷民之间的矛盾;(3)土司制度的经济基础和社会基础逐渐瓦解,为改土归流创造了条件。云南垦荒移民政策的调整,有助于内地移民往云南跨区域流动,推动山区的民族交往交流交融。With the increase of population,the contradiction between human and land emerged in Yunnan during the Qing Dynasty.The influx of the Han people into the mountains has affected the livelihood of the ethnic Yi people.In the first year of Daoguang(1821),the expulsion of Han people in Yongbei Independent Sub-Prefecture occurred under this background.Subsequently,the Qing government pursued a new policy to incorporate the expelled Han people who were mostly migrants reclaiming wasteland into the then Baojia Administrative System and allowed them to settle in their newly reclaimed land.This policy was also employed in dealing with migrants who entered other parts of Yunnan to reclaim local wastelands.This policy also created conditions for these migrants to obtain a guest status in many places of Yunnan which reconstructed the communities in the mountainous areas.The reconstructions include four aspects:firstly,in early Qing Dynasty,only the offspring of migrants belonging to guards and battalions were registered in the Baojia Administrative System.The Han migrants and indigenous Yi who were governed by local chieftains started to be registered in the system since early years during Daoguang's reign;secondly,the social conflicts between Han migrants and Yi people were replaced by the conflicts among the indigenous Han,migrant Han and indigenous Yi people;thirdly,the gradual collapse of the economic and social base of the chieftain system created the social condition for the replacement of native chieftains by the central government appointed officials.

关 键 词：清代 云南 山区开发 移民政策 社会重构 

分 类 号：C956[社会学—民族学]