建筑的气候响应机制与低能耗建筑设计原理  

Mechanisms of climatically responsive building and principles of lowenergy building design

作　　者：杨柳 YANG Liu(State Key Laboratory of Green Building,Xi’an 710055,China;School of Architecture,Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi’an 710055,China)

机构地区：[1]绿色建筑全国重点实验室,西安710055 [2]西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,西安710055

出　　处：《中国科学：技术科学》2023年第10期1781-1794,共14页Scientia Sinica(Technologica)

基　　金：国家杰出青年科学基金(批准号:51325803);国家自然科学基金(批准号:51838011);国家重点研发计划(编号:2018YFC0704500)资助项目。

摘　　要：建筑对气候的有效响应(working with climate)是实现低能耗甚至零能耗建筑的本质属性,但在现代建筑设计理论与实践中,普遍存在“盲区”.现代建筑依靠采暖通风与空调系统获得高品质的室内舒适环境,不仅运行能耗高、成本高,而且对自然气候资源的利用度很低、地域特征不鲜明.大量实地测试表明,传统地域建筑具有“冬暖夏凉”、低能耗运行的基本属性,但其适应气候的科学原理与机理鲜见论述,致使其节能技术经验在现代设计中传承不足.探索和挖掘传统建筑的气候适应机理、形成适应地域气候的建筑节能设计理论与方法是设计建造低能耗建筑、传承提升地域建筑生态经验、实现“新地域建筑”的根本途径.本研究综合运用建筑学、气候学以及建筑环境科学原理,从传统地域建筑中蕴含的人、建筑空间与气候动态变化之间的相互作用关系入手,通过在全国气候区开展大范围、多对象的现场实测、实验与理论分析、工程示范验证与标准推广,探索人对自然气候与建筑环境的适应过程、建筑对气候的响应机制,提出了运用建筑设计手法调控室内微气候的关键设计指标和参数,获得了人处于自然调控环境的临界区间规律,进而以此为基础,建立了综合运用建筑围护结构及其围合空间设计来动态响应气候周期变化,进而实现低能耗运行、低成本建造的低能耗建筑设计方法,初步建立了气候建筑的理论体系.为我国传统地域建筑生态经验传承,以及现代建筑的地域体现提供理论支持.Building working with climate is an important aspect of implementing low-energy or even zero-energy buildings.However,the use of heating,ventilation,and air conditioning systems to obtain a comfortable indoor environment in modern buildings remains a widespread“blind spot”in the theory and practice of modern architectural design.Furthermore,using these systems causes high energy consumption and costs,involves low utilization of natural climate resources,and lacks regional characteristics.Extensive field tests have demonstrated that“warm in winter and cool in summer”and low energy consumption are basic attributes of traditional regional architecture;however,its scientific principle and mechanism of climate adaptation are rarely discussed,resulting in the lack of application of its experience in modern design.Investigating the climate adaptation mechanism of traditional buildings and developing a climate-responsive theory and method for building energy-efficient design is the fundamental approach for designing and constructing low-energy buildings,inheriting and improving the ecological experience of regional buildings,and implementing“new regional architecture”.By integrating architecture,climate and building environmental science and examining the correlation between people,space,and the dynamics of climate in traditional regional buildings,all-around field tests covering all the climate zones in China are performed.These all-around field tests combine experiment and theoretical analysis,project demonstration,and standard application.Furthermore,the adaptation process of humans to natural climate and built environment,as well as the response mechanism and adaptation law of buildings to climate,are investigated,the key design indexes and parameters for controlling indoor climate through architectural design are suggested,and the critical threshold law of human being in the natural environment is obtained.Based on this,the low-energy building design method of implementing low-energy consumption operatio

关 键 词：低能耗建筑 建筑气候 建筑设计 

分 类 号：TU201.5[建筑科学—建筑设计及理论] TU119