情态助动词“好”的来源与演变探析  

The Origin and Historical Development of the Modal Auxiliary Hao(好)in Chinese

作　　者：任荷 REN He

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第5期712-733,共22页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“语义-语用接口视角下上古汉语功能词的逻辑语义及相关问题研究”(23CYY017)的资助。

摘　　要：始见于中古汉语时期的情态助动词“好”起源于“(NP)好_(ADJ),可VP”句。从“(NP)好_(ADJ),可VP”到“(NP)好_(MOD)VP”的句法演变本质上是将并列复句重新分析为单句,可归入一种具有跨语言普遍性的历时演变模式——双小句结构的简化。“好_(MOD)”由“好_(ADJ)”与“可MOD”融合而成,其产生初期的多义性源于“可MOD”的多义性。“适合”义是其产生初期的基本义,唐五代新出的道义情态义源于从“适合”到“应该/许可”的回溯推理,宋以后新出的“条件可能/条件许可”用法源于“适合”义“好_(MOD)”用于“条件-目的”复句后一小句的用例。对于“好_(MOD)”的历史来源与演变过程的充分揭示有助于解释该词在现代汉语共时系统中的语义特点和分布限制。This paper discusses the origin and historical development of the modal auxiliary hao(好)in Chinese.After a close examination of the process and mechanisms of the development of hao in history,this paper has reached to the following conclusions:i)“NP+hao_(MOD)+VP”,coming from“NP+hao_(ADJ),ke(可)_(MOD)+VP”,has undergone clause fusion,reanalysis,and deletion of ke.This change demonstrates a language-universal diachronic process-simplification of biclausal structures.The modal auxiliaries nan(难),yi(易),zu(足)and yi(宜)in Archaic Chinese were also generated following the pattern of such simplification.However,hao differs from the four auxiliaries in that it was created by reanalyzing a coordinate compound sentence into a simple sentence,while the others were created by reanalyzing a main-subordinate compound sentence into a simple one.ii)Hao_(MOD)results from the fusion of hao_(ADJ)and ke_(MOD).In its early stage of development,the polysemy of hao_(MOD)stemmed from the polysemy of ke_(MOD).iii)The basic meaning of hao_(MOD)in its early stage is“to be fitting”.It is the source of hao_(MOD)'s deontic meaning,which first appeared in Tang Dynasty.The mechanism in the semantic change from“to be fitting”to the deontic meaning of“should”or“permission”is invited inference,whose key is that deontic modality entails evaluation of the influence of an event.iv)In Song Dynasty,hao_(MOD)'s meaning of“to be fitting”appeared frequently in purpose clauses,which gave rise to the emergence of the“root possibility/general permission”meaning.Finally,this paper summarizes the paths of historical development of hao_(MOD)with a diagram,and explains the properties and distributional constraints of hao_(MOD)in Contemporary Chinese from the perspective of its origin.It argues that in-depth exploration of the origin and development of a specific language phenomenon can help explain those problems that cannot be easily solved from a purely synchronic perspective.Conversely,the explanatory power towards the

关 键 词：情态助动词 “好” 生成机制 历史演变 共时用法 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]