乡品与乡里:六朝贵族制言说的展开及其新趋势  

Xiangpin(乡品)and Xiangli(乡里):The Development of the Study of Aristocracy in the Six Dynasties and Its New Trends

作　　者：李济沧[1] LI Ji-cang(Department of History,School of Social Development,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing,Jiangsu,210097,China)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学社会发展学院历史系,江苏南京210097

出　　处：《史学集刊》2023年第6期25-37,共13页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“魏晋变革视野下的六朝‘乡品’研究”(23AZS003)。

摘　　要：六朝时期,即便出身贵族也必须经过乡论和中正的“品藻”,获得“乡品二品”后才能成为官僚,进入清流官序。六朝史料中另有“二品才堪”现象,通过分析可以认为“二品才堪”并没有获得乡品二品,它反映出皇帝权力无法干涉“乡品二品”的授予这一历史事实。门阀贵族的存在反映出六朝与秦汉、宋元明清时期有着不同的历史特性,而六朝贵族体制源于地方乡里社会,则是其与重视血缘的欧洲和日本贵族制迥异之处。以皇权为核心的政治社会结构是中国历史发展的主轴,与此同时,六朝贵族制研究有助于我们从历史演进中去发现那些被皇权相对化的事物,从而客观、全面地勾勒中国历史发展的脉络和轨迹。this paper compares the concept and meaning of aristocrats in the Six Dynasties,and takes the research on the issue of Xiangpin乡品(local ranks)in Chinese and Japanese academia as a clue to reexamine the relationship between the aristocrats and the emperor's authority in the Six Dynasties.During the Six Dynasties,even the aristocrats had to go through Xianglun乡论(local opinion)and the comments by Zhongzheng(中正),and gained Xiangpin of the second rank before they could be appointed as an official.There is also the phenomenon of the Erpin caikan(二品才堪,referring to those poor people or people from humble families,who didn't get the status of Xiangpin of the second rank,but by virtue of talent or other factors,assumed positions that only those possessing the second rank Xiangpin could hold)in the Six Dynasties,this concept did not mean a person would attain the status of Xiangpin of the second rank,reflecting the historical fact that the emperor's authority could not interfere with the awarding of the second rank Xiangpin.The aristocratic system,which originated from local society,highlights the difference between the Six Dynasties and the Qin and Han dynasties,as well as the Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties,and the difference between the aristocracy of Six Dynasties and that of the West and Japan.This paper argues that the political and social structure with imperial power at its core is the main axis of China's historical development.Meanwhile,the study of aristocracy in the Six Dynasties is helpful for us to discover those things that have been relativized by the imperial power from the historical evolution,thereby outlining objectively and comprehensively the direction and track of Chinese historical development.

关 键 词：六朝贵族制 皇帝权力 乡品 二品才堪 乡里 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K235[政治法律—中外政治制度]