数字资产视角下货币法律概念的界定  

The definition of the legal concept of money:From the perspective of digital assets

作　　者：柯达 KE Da(School of Economic Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 200042,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学经济法学院,上海200042

出　　处：《重庆大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第5期226-239,共14页Journal of Chongqing University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目“利益衡量视角下数字人民币的个人信息保护研究”(22SFB5049)。

摘　　要：以比特币为代表的数字资产是否属于货币,决定了其是否受到货币支付相关公私法律的约束。数字资产不依赖于法定货币体系、不限定使用范围、具备较强的去中心化特征,其更具独立的货币功能对货币概念界定带来了更大挑战。在既有法律仅规定人民币是法定货币以及“货币形式”“货币性资产”外延的情况下,我国径行认定数字资产不是货币,未能遵循“相同业务、相同风险、相同监管”的原则,因而难以保护当事人的支付预期以及推进数字支付的进一步创新。基于国家与市场在货币流通中的定位不清、不同法律部门存在立法目的差异等因素,经济学与社会学中的货币理论难以直接用于界定货币法律概念,而法学界创造的准货币论和货币认同论在适用范围、前置条件等方面亦存在诸多局限。现代货币支付体系已形成以法定货币作为基础、以法定货币计价的支付手段多样化发展,以及不以法定货币计价的支付手段共存的分层特征。货币分层体系本质是国家与市场、公共与私人的混合体,国家处于该体系的顶端,而法定货币则成为信用程度最高的货币类型。在该分层体系下,货币法律概念不具有同一性,更不能仅限于法定货币,而应将货币的法律内涵确定为用于清偿货币债务的,可以被普遍接受的“支付系统要素”,以区分于投资工具、货币载体及仅少数人或小区域内认可的支付手段。其中,可参考反垄断法中的相关市场和市场份额的理论内容,从子服务市场、使用权限、可替代的另一货币认定被普遍接受的市场范围,并通过币值稳定机制和接受货币的商家数量认定普遍接受的程度。另外,货币的法律外延包括在宪法与中央银行法中具有法定偿付效力的法定货币,以及在支付服务法、反洗钱法中具有支付监管效力,或在财产保护、行政费用征缴法律中具�Whether digital assets represented by Bitcoin are monies determines whether they are constrained by public and private laws related to monetary payment.Digital assets do not depend on the fiat money system,do not limit scope of using,and have strong nature of decentralization,which bring greater challenges to the definition of the concept of money.In the case that the existing law only stipulates that Renminbi is the legal tender,and only provides the extension of money for“monetary form”and“monetary asset”,China’s regulatory stance that digital assets are not monies fails to follow the principle of same business,same risk and same supervision,so it is difficult to protect the payment expectation of the parties and promote further innovation in digital payment.Based on the unclear positioning of the country and the market in the monetary circulation as well as the purposes differences among different legal branches,it is not suitable for the monetary theories in economics and sociology to directly define the legal concept of money.Besides,the quasi-monetary theory and the monetary identity theory created by legal scholars also have many limitations in the preconditions and the scope of application.The modern monetary payment system has formed the stratified characteristics of fiat money,payment means denominated in fiat money,as well as payment means not denominated in fiat money.The monetary stratification system is essentially a mixture of state and market as well as public and private,with the state at the top of the system and fiat money as the most creditworthy type of money.Under that system,the legal concept of money is not identical,nor can it be limited to fiat money.Instead,the legal connotation of money should be defined as“element of payment system”which is used to pay off monetary debts and can be generally accepted.This connotation may distinguish money from investment instrument,monetary medium,and means of payment that are accepted by only a few people or within a small area.More spe

关 键 词：货币法律概念 数字资产 货币分层 普遍接受 比特币 

分 类 号：D922.281[政治法律—经济法学]